Why Students Drop Out Of High School - 1499 Words

The concept of the American Dream is that anyone can do anything if they only put in enough hard work and determination to accomplish their goals. However, a barrier to this dream in society is the capacity to obtain a quality education. People who don’t acquire a high school diploma generally carry the burden of poorer health throughout their lives, a greater chance of being unemployed, have a higher chance that they will use drugs, and a higher rate of going to prison, compared to people who attain at least a high school education. In addition, a large portion of those who do get a high school diploma, don’t continue on to get an associates or bachelor’s degree in college. Study shows that one of the main reasons that students drop out†¦show more content†¦By pointing out and criticizing mistakes, kids are losing the ability to be creative, and schools focus more on academic ability and scholarly jobs, instead of creative talents and innovative ideas that young kids have. However, there is a solution to this dilemma. A well-known professor, author, and expert on education equity, Matthew Lynch, addresses the problems that schools have with reshaping learning techniques when he stated, â€Å"Public education in America needs teachers who are better trained to meet the needs of specific student populations, understand the necessary role of distance learning, and are willing to speak up to facilitate classroom change† (Lynch). Lynch is discussing the need to change with the times, an area where teachers have sorely failed. This shows that if teachers can adapt to the developing generations, and provide confidence to kids so they can continue to be creative, instead of discouraging students to even try, then those kids can obtain a more valuable education, which will enable them to better achieve their dreams, and reach their destination. Students will have an eagerness to learn, and will put forth a greater attempt in their education if teachers embolden students to be engaged in school and school activities. A team of researchers in Illinois who specialize in studying education, discussed learning and how â€Å"the task of improving education† (Edutopia) falls on both teachers and students, both the mentor and the apprentice,Show MoreRelatedWhy Students Should Drop Out Of High School1268 Words   |  6 Pages Music Literacy in Schools High school literacy is linked to the high school dropout rate. While the high school dropout rates have declined over the past decade, the facts that influence this phenomenon continue to be consistent. There are multiple reasons for why students would drop out of high school. The following are just some of the reasons to why kids might dropout, including that they missed too many days, they thought they could not complete the course requirements, they didn’t feel safeRead MoreThe Difficulties Faced by Modern Day High School Drop Outs Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagesrestaurant or even in the farms. No one would ask if they finished or graduated high school. Before it wasn’t a big issue, but now if someone wants to work at a fast food place like McDonalds, Burger King or Wendy’s taking orders or flipping patties or just mopping floors. The first that the manager will ask is if they are currently in school or if they graduated from high school. People shouldn†™t drop out of high school because it affects them from having a better future. If they have kids at an earlyRead MoreCreating A Better Communication Within Parents, Students And Teachers1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing in high school. Fours years you can be wild, careless, and adventuring into adult hood. The years you have class with the same people, know everyones name within the school, and not sure what your future is going to hold. Over the years there have been a decreasing amount of high school students. But there has been a increase in High school dropouts. Comparing the freshman class to the senior class at any school you will notice a dramatic decrease in students. Due to over the years student makeRead MoreWhy School Should Be A School1158 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many arguments as to why children should stay in school. I think education is important to any child’s life. Education is what builds a person up and help them make something of their self , and from a nobody to a somebody. Education is the key to any door you are trying to open. I wouldn’t consider anybody to drop out of school. I know school can be hard at times, but its only hard because the teachers are trying to make you stronger. Education to me is basically what you need to betterRead MoreHigh School Dropout Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesamong high school students have increased, but there is still a huge underlying problem in the U.S. with high school drop outs. There have been many half brained reasons for these students dropping out and many people believe the reason for these drop outs is the students faults themselves. But as I know as a student and as a student who has graduated, it is not only the students fault. There are many outside factors and influences that lead to the students dropping out. The term â€Å"drop out† is referringRead MoreEducation And Its Importance Of Education1255 Words   |  6 Pagesday-one problem, bullying, and hig h dropout rates. These issues are often a big problem and can lead to an education that does not do the United States justice. The first issue is the day one problem. This problem states the beginning of a child’s life is extremely important for a good education. (Strauss) For example, John has parents who have minimal education, never went to college, and are poor. Therefore, John has a definite disadvantage against other students, who have well-educated parentsRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Between Hispanic Students And Non-Hispanic896 Words   |  4 PagesHispanic students and non-Hispanic students is alarming due to the high dropout rates and the increasing Hispanic population in the United States. To better understand why Hispanic students dropout out of high school it is important to explore the perspectives and experiences of high school dropouts. Examining the root causes of whys Hispanic student’s drop out of high school can assist to improve dropout retention early on. As a significant number of Hispanics continue to dropout of high school annuallyRead MoreIncrease High School Graduati on Rates Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesIncrease High School Graduation Rates Did you know that 1.2 million high school students drop out of school every year just in the United States alone (11 Facts)? The decrease of high school graduation rates is a fairly important issue, and there are plenty of reasons to propose a change. According to the U.S. Department of Education, the current standard dropout rate of high school students is 7.4%. High school dropouts encounter way more difficulties and challenges than a high school graduateRead MoreDropping Out Of High School Dropouts Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve heard a lot about high school dropouts. through my years in highschool this topic had always popped up. I wonder is dropping out of high school bad as some make it seem? My opinion is that dropping out high school isn’t as bad as some people make it seem. A lot of smart people drop out of high school, people like Einstein dropped out at age 16 and still accomplished many things in life. I discovered a lot about high school dropouts and the many reasons on why students make this decision. MatthewRead MoreCollege Dropouts Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesMany high school students succeed with a little leniency through their four years. The transfer from high school to college becomes overwhelming and a struggle for some. For students do not comprehend the importance of changing more than their location during the transition. A student must be psychologically, physically, and emotionally mature to pursue college and not venture into a point of no return. Dropping out of college makes the outlook of the conversion difficult to acquire. Individuals

Business Plan For A Publishing Company - 1427 Words

Introduction This proposal is created for a publishing company producing printing goods using offset printing presses. This company s scope includes finding new clients, acquiring job orders, creating and editing working art files, creating press-ready PDFs, ripping the press ready PDF files to create flat TIF files, creating plates to use on offset presses, printing the jobs on offset presses, bindery work that includes cutting, folding, binding, stitching, schrink-wrapping and boxing, shipping, accounting and purchasing. The company employees 50 people which includes General Manager, five Sales Representatives and Sales Department Manager, three Purchase Specialists and Purchasing Department Manager, five Prepress Operators and Prepress Manager, three Creative Designers, two IT Technicians, three Billing and Accounting Clerks, CSR Representative, Press Operations Manager, two Press Operations Supervisors and ten Press Operators divided into two shifts, Bindery Manager, two Cutter Operators div ided into two shifts, two Stitcher Operators divided into two shifts, two Folder Operators divided into two shifts and two Shipping Specialists. The company is located on one floor of a single story dwelling with one wall dividing the production space from the office space. These two rooms don t have any additional walls. There are only pillars holding up the roof. Office space is divided into single glass cubicles. There is no separate secure server room in the company and theShow MoreRelatedProject Management Concept Worksheet Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesvendors, the issues only pointed to Harrison-Keyes failure to truly grasp the necessity of building in contingency plans. The disaster of those around the company should never have an equally devastating impact on the company. While Harrison-Keyes has thought about contingency planning, their lack of solidifying plans is truly their biggest error. It is imperative to note that some plans should have been more involved than others. A simple list and communication with alternative suppliers would haveRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1241 Words   |  5 Pagesworld-wide information, the business of printed news has taken suffered some major setbacks. With the advent of the Internet age and the advancement of technology, printed news sources and publishing companies have needed to redesign their business models and reform certain aspects of their companies. In today’s day and age, publishing companies are being forced to redesign the way they market to customers and to incorporate the inclusion of digital sources in doing business. Because of the exponentialRead MoreMarvel Comics and Marvel S Turnaround1090 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess as a fluke? Or do you view it as sustainable? Why? How? Marvel’s success is definitely not a fluke and its business model is very sustainable. Because Marvel’s new strategy chose to monetize the content library via licensing characters for use with media products. In an era during which mass media is so important in people’s life, only one media tool - publishing is not strong enough to expand Marvel’s influence to consumers. Comic books can only target a very limited market that mostRead MoreMarvel Enterprises1270 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterize that success as a fluke? Or do you view it as sustainable? Why? How? Marvel’s success is not a fluke because its business model is sustainable. Marvel’s new strategy monetized the content library by licensing characters for use with media products. During an era in which mass media is very important in people’s life, only one media tool, publishing, is not strong enough to expand Marvel’s influence to consumers. Comic books can target a very limited market, mostly composed of maleRead MoreThe Rational Irrationality Complex1147 Words   |  5 Pagesscenario of the retail bookstores, particularly Borders, vs. that of e-book publishing. It appears that e-book publishing may have a future (PWC, nd), but many book stores are slow to acknowledge and appreciate that fact. Borders was one of those companies who failed to foresee the future and acknowledge the fact. More so, they made the astounding error of employing one of their key competitors to conduct some of their business. According to Cassidy, cognitive heuristics lead people to be over optimisticRead More barnes and noble Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pages Barnes amp; Noble does business -- big business -- by the book. As the #1 bookseller in the US, it operates about 650 superstores throughout 49 states and the District of Columbia under the banners Barnes amp; Noble, Bookstop, and Bookstar, as well as about 200 mall stores using the names B. Dalton, Doubleday, and Scribners. The companys GameStop subsidiary is the #1 US video game retailer with about 1,500 stores under the names Babbages Etc., GameStop, and FuncoLand. Barnes amp; Noble ownedRead MoreMarketing Strategy Of Marvel Enterprises1113 Words   |  5 Pagesis to reevaluate its marketing strategy. In 1998, the company filed for bankruptcy which did not come as a shock because it was obviously facing strategic management issues. But in 2004, after a great comeback in the entertainment industry, it managed to increase its market value to $2 bi llion. Currently, the company deals with comic book publishing, toys, motion picture, and licensing operations. However, it originally began only publishing comic books. Eventually, it acquired other comic book publishersRead MoreE Publishing : Making A Location Within The Modular Structure1181 Words   |  5 PagesE-publishing Though the term E-publishing is frequently used loosely in the industry, e-publishing is nothing but the final compilation of regulatory documents in electronic submission format. This typically includes: †¢ Assignment of documents to a location within the modular structure †¢ PDF rendering of final, hyperlinked documents †¢ Customization of document headers/footers †¢ Assigning titles and grouping study-related files †¢ Setup of submission-specific values (e.g., application and sequenceRead MoreCompany Structure And Leadership Team1162 Words   |  5 Pages2.0) Company Description 2.1 Company Structure and Leadership Team †¢ Devotion Music Group, is an independent record label and music group registered as a Limited Liability Company in the state of Minnesota. Owner: Omar Blanco-Valentin, 100% Company Ownership Mission Statement - Pledged to transform the music industry by remaining devoted to fostering talent together with achieving the ambition of revitalizing and restructuring a weakened industry. Business Philosophy – As a team, we progressRead MoreMarketing Strategies For The Business Strategy For 20151526 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Executive Summary F! Publishing is a young and coming media agency situated in the East End of London. In the business strategy for 2015 it was decided to launch a completely new project – Fidà ¨le Magazine. Digital migration of readers to the online platforms has been one of the factors of print magazine circulation decline and the reason for companies to invest more money into digital marketing (Hucker, 2014). 1.1 Business Plan Aims This business plan carries out a detailed proposal of the

This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street Free Essays

This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street. Cars are the main means of transport going out of Birmingham City Centre. Cars start off quite low. We will write a custom essay sample on This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, at 9:00 AM there is an increase of the number of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre. This may be due to a â€Å"rush hour†. However, this only lasts for an hour. Furthermore there is yet another increase of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre at 11:00 AM. This may be due to the fact it’s getting nearer to lunch time. After an hour the decrease happens again. But, at 13:00 AM there is a massive increase of cars. This may be due to leaving after completing their shopping. The amount of cars going out of Birmingham City Centre carries on increasing whilst the day goes on. Vans/mbs start off quite similarly, with the amount of vans/mbs starting off quite low and gradually increasing. The same pattern is shows with the buses. Lorries start off quite high but keep decreasing as the day goes on. Bicycles stay low constantly through the day. This graph shows the traffic going into Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street. Cars are the main vehicles going into Broad Street. We can see this due to the fact that cars have the highest amount of vehicles by looking at the graph. Lorries and bicycles however, have the lowest amount. During the early hours of the day the number of cars starts off quite high with the rush hour being at about 8:00 AM. As the day goes on it starts to decrease. However at around 12:00 PM there is a sudden increase of traffic going into Birmingham City Centre. This may be due to the fact it’s around lunch time. At around 13:00 PM, there is a decline in the amount of traffic going in. Then it begins to rise for an hour up until 14:00 PM, when it starts to decrease again. From 14:00 PM till 17:00 PM the traffic going in carries on decreasing. Buses and vans/mbs stay relatively close together in terms of the amount of each that appears to be going into Broad Street. However, buses show the same type of pattern that cars show. During 8:00AM till 9:00PM the amount of buses is quite high. This is quite similar with the vans/mbs. There is a sudden increase at 13:00PM. However Lorries and bicycles always stay low through the day. This graph shows the passenger car units (PCU) coming into Broad street. PCU stands for passenger car unit. This metric is used to measure the traffic-flow rate on a road such as Broad Street. The graph above is probably the most vital evidence that helps solve my hypothesis. This graph would give me a clear idea of whether Broad Street (a main route into the city) was congested. Using the Government figures the saturation point for a road such as Broad Street is 1522. This meant that when a value was over this, the road was congested. The graph shows that Broad Street was congested throughout the day. At 9:00 AM it’s at its highest (2780), this is peak time in other words. From 11:00 AM onwards, the figures always stayed above 2000 but stayed below 2500. I can say that Broad Street on that day was congested at all times. How to cite This graph shows the traffic going out of Birmingham City Centre using Broad Street, Papers

Research Work Interpretivism and Realism

Question: Write an essay onResearch Methodology. Answer: Introduction: Itcovers essential parts of the research work focusing on the selection and application of specific tools and techniques that are suitable for the study. As data collection becomes the crucial part of a study for evaluation and analysing information that are relevant to the research topic, appropriate methods are applied. In addition, amongst different methodologies available they are selected based on the type of data required and assumed outcomes. Thus, for executing this study, and developing enormous knowledge from the collected data on Polycystic ovarian syndromes seen in adolescents in context of Maldives being the location of choice, has been fulfilled by selecting suitable methodologies. Amongst four types of philosophies, Interpretivism, realism, post-positivism and positivism, post-positivism has been selected to analyse data in logical manner. Selection of post-positivism is also due to its nature of top-bottom approach of evaluating data (Tooze et al. 2010). In addition, it has been selected due to its incorporation of real facts in the study that is analysed in scientific manner. Presence of deductive and inductive approach for research studies require selecting any one of it based on the nature of the research (Thabane et al. 2010). Thus, as this study is based on acquiring existing data without the need of developing new theories, deductive approach has been suitable. Unlike inductive approach, deductive approach does not require analysing observed data for framing theories for the study. On the other hand, descriptive design has been selected to carry out this piece of work due to its positive impact of providing relationship related data amongst research variables and collected data (McGaghie et al. 2010). Research Design: In gaining knowledge on the background of polycystic ovarian syndrome and its occurrence amongst adolescents, research design is the important criteria in progressing with the study. According to Creswell (2013), three distinct types of research designs are available from exploratory to explanatory and descriptive. Based on the type of data required in executing the study, necessary research design is selected by a researcher (Hakim, 2012). In exploratory design, it helps in providing basic knowledge regarding the research topic, which is not in-depth study. It aims to explore the topic rather than following a structured way of providing information. As supported by Brewer et al. (2011), it only gives detailed information on the topic of research and identifies data related to the identified problem but it defines data in very reluctant manner. Thus, to acquire detailed information that is critically analysed for better research outcome, descriptive design has been selected. It not o nly provided detailed information on the topic, but also helped to structure the research study by providing basic concepts on the disease and its impact on adolescents. In addition, statistical information was also acquired due to incorporation of descriptive design. In case of explanatory design, it focuses mainly on explaining the acquired data related to the research topic (Zhang et al. 2010). It also provides relationship information between variables that are linked with the present study. For example, it can provide information based on relationship by explaining the factors related to polycystic ovarian syndrome and the reasons for which it is prevalent amongst adolescents of Maldives. However, both the research designs fail to provide in-depth knowledge from background information on polycystic ovarian syndrome to linking the causes and its incidence amongst adolescents particularly in Maldives. Population and Sampling and sampling technique: In order to conduct a research study, it is necessary to select few participants for deriving necessary information that are required to gain in-depth knowledge on the study topic. Therefore, based on the viewpoints of Elo et al. (2014), population is referred to as the total number of participants agreeing to participate in the study to provide relevant information. As viewpoints of participants form the core to a research work outcome that provides basic experiences is effective part of a research. Thus, in this study, adolescents from Maldives are selected as the population. In addition, adolescents within the age of 15 to 35 years have been selected for the study.Thus, the sample size related to population has been 203 adolescent girls from Maldives between the age group of 15 to 35 years. On the other hand, Roger (2011) criticised that only taking perceptions of patients with a diseased state is not sufficient to develop understanding about the disease or to understand the gaps in medical assistance to the patients. Therefore, respecting this view, few participants were selected being the doctors providing assistance and guidance to adolescent patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome. About 7 doctors from different hospitals such as ADK and IGMH in Maldives were incorporated in the population for the present study. Data were also collected from a hospital in Maldives related to adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome within 2 years. The sample size selected for the study has been 203 adolescent girls with the diseased condition, following 7 doctors from the same field. In the assertions made by Peffers et al. (2007), it is understood that sampling technique forms the necessary mechanism through which samples are selected from the population. Sampling technique helps to understand the categories of participants for the study and the information that can be obtained from their viewpoints (Concato et al. 2000). For example, adolescent girls can provide in formation regarding the consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome based on their experiences and the daily problems faced by them due to the disease following healthcare services given to them. On the other hand, doctors selected through specific sampling technique are helpful to acquire information on interventions for the disease and the support provided to adolescents in Maldives to rescue them from this disease. In addition, strong information related to disease incidence, healthcare services available for them and the problems faced by them while providing treatment to these patients can be acquired. Thus, for selecting adolescents, simple random probability sampling technique has been implemented. However, for sampling doctors from different hospitals, incorporation of non-probability sampling technique has been applied. Research instruments: In assessing the collected data, requirement of specific research instruments forms the basic part of data gathering. As per the comment of Schulz et al. (2010), instrument for collecting data are of different types from questionnaires to surveys, interviews, focus groups based on the type of information required. Thus, for achieving viewpoints of adolescents with the diseased state, questionnaire have been used that comprised of several relevant questions about 23 in numbers based on polycystic ovarian syndrome and their experiences. On the contrary, as doctors are available to provide enhanced information on this subject matter, therefore, they were asked for participating in the interview. Online survey was carried out for the quantitative research, which involves adolescents as participants. However, for qualitative information interview was conducted amongst the 7 doctors. As criticised by Harriss and Atkinson (2013), gathering information not only requires specific instruments, but instruments for data analysis and documentation are also necessary. Thus, implementation of MS Excel and SPSS tool has been used for documenting gathered information from respondents and analysing those data to acquire assumed results respectively. Data collection procedure: Information for carrying out a research work is acquired from either primary sources or secondary sources, based on the requirement. Primary sources allow gaining practical information on the study topic that involves participants (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie, 2004). As suggested by Bernard (2013), secondary sources are helpful for acquiring information from books, journals, news articles, and blogs and websites articles. Thus, in this study application of both the sources has been helpful to arrive at a solution of gaining practical knowledge from participants and in-depth information from secondary sources. Online library has also been incorporated for collecting secondary data. Thus, quantitative technique was applied by framing the questionnaire that was based on PICO format and they have been surveyed. For qualitative technique, interview was the form of data collection from doctors based on few structured questions based on which quantitative questionnaire was framed.Ethical consid erations were maintained while primary data collection was conducted. This comprised of non-application of gathered information for commercial reasons and maintaining accuracy of collected data. In addition, maintaining anonymity of participants identity was followed to avoid ethical issues. Their participation was voluntary and they were not forced for participation. Data analysis procedure: SPSS software has been selected for the purpose of primary data analysis. This has been helpful to obtain numerical data from qualitative approach whereas, through quantitative approach details aspect of data was acquired by linking concepts and theories. As per Maxwell (2012), SPSS software allows to conduct data analysis in the best manner without facing extensive errors that makes the outcome more relevant as assumed. This study involves a mixed approach involving quantitative and qualitative technique of data collection. Research Limitations: The researcher had faced some challenges of restricted time that hindered in analysing larger data within the stipulated time. This became the barrier in achieving quality results that would have been possible if more was available. In addition, bias in reliability of healthcare organisation authorities has been an issue in the study. This reduced scope for the current research study. Data Analysis IntroductionThe study aims to explore the incidence, cause and symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) which is one of the common reproductive disorders of Woman in Maldives and across the world. Having identified the lack of research on the same in Maldives, the present study has been designed to bring out a clear picture of this acute syndrome. With the help of a suitable questionnaire, survey sessions have been conducted on adolescents of the age of 15 to 35 who were diagnosed with PCOS. Also, interview sessions were conducted with the doctor of Maldives. According to the data was sorted and analyzed in SPSS, exploratory factor analysis has been carried out to throw some insights on the nature of this acute syndrome in Maldives. Profile of the respondents Data and information were collected in two parts, the first related to the interview sessions which were conducted with the doctors in different hospitals in Maldives while the second part dealt with the primary survey with the questionnaire as the prime instrument.The hospitals were selected at random and face to face interviews were conducted with seven (7) doctors who had experience in dealing with the PCOS. Three questions were asked to each of the doctor's, and the responses were recorded (questions appended at the end). Parallelly, a note was taken on the number of registered cases of PCOS over a period of twenty-four (24) months.Also, a questionnaire was designed to impute the determinants, causes, and symptoms of PCOS. The intended population for this research was adolescents girls of the age of 15 to 35, the questionnaire comprised of 23 questions pinpointed at drawing quality insights at the ground level. The respondents have presented the survey and responses were asked in yes/no (yes coded as 1, and no coded as 2) except for question no 1 and question no 20 where the responses were coded as per convenience. Research Findings The first research question was targeted at assessing the most common age for PCOD. To examine this, question 1 was set up in the questionnaire; the question asked to impute 1 in the box if the age lies between 25-34 years, impute two if the age lies in the range of 18-24 years and impute three if the age is less than 17 years. The data was loaded in SPSS and accordingly a frequency table was formulated to assess the maximum frequency of the age of the respondents. As per the sample, the most common age group for the presence of PCOS is group 1 which comprised of the age group 25-34. The maximum frequency in the observed sample has been found for the first group; this gives the answer to the first research question. The result seems to be similar to what was revealed from the interviews conducted with the doctors. The results show that 130 of the 203 sampled individuals were of the age group 25-34 which is a whopping 64% of the sample. The pictographic representation of the same has been plotted on the bar diagram inTo understand and identify the most common symptoms and the risk factors of PCOD an exploratory factor analysis has been conducted using the data set on SPSS, the outcome of which is presented below. The factors were extracted based on the Eigen value criteria (Eigen value 1), also weak factor loadings that are loadings less than 0.4 were dropped. The correlation matrix was formulated, and the necessary steps have been followed in carrying out the exploratory factor analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy reads the value of 0.742 which gives the clear indication that there are adequate samples to go for the factor analysis. The Bartletts Test reveals a statistically significant value (less than 0.05). The communalities table give us the values of extractions, which tells us about the proportions of variation in each variable that can be explained by the factors. The extraction values are moderately high and have a significant role to play in the factor extraction procedure. We can clearly see that SPSS extracted eight factors or components based on the Eigen value criterion (Eigen value1). These eight factors together explain 59% of the total variance.The scree plot next says that there were eight factors with Eigen value greater than 1 and were extracted, while the rest with Eigen value less than one were not extracted. A total of 7 factors has been extracted based on the factor analysis. The rotated component matrix is used to identify the components of the factors. The matrix says that Q21, Q17, Q19, and Q13 are together, that is, the incidence of obesity in childhood, the presence of diabetes, gestational diabetes, and incidence of depression/ anxiousness go together. Further, the second factor reveals that Q22, Q6, Q8, and Q4 are together, i.e. presence history of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in the family, irregular menstrual cycle, excess hair growth, and feeling bloated go along. The third factor reveals that Q20, Q11, and Q7 goes along which implies that whether a person exercises or not, the presence of skin tags (lumps of skin sometimes as large as a raisin) and unsuccessful attempts to conceive (in the past six months or more) go together. The fourth factor incorporates Q12, Q3, and Q23, the i.e. incidence of discoloured skin, and impact of weight gain around the middle and impact of other hormonal diseases go together. The fifth factor comprises of Q15, Q14 and Q18 go along which implies that incidence of uncontrolled craving, feeling tired and weird and, the impact of diabetes in the family go together. The sixth factor reveals that Q2 and Q16 are suitable, i.e. struggling with weight and incidence of 1st-trimester abortion goes along. The seventh and the eighth factor has one component each, the sixth and the seventh factor has a very high factor loading of around 0.9; and the components are taking birth control pills to bring period and presence of acne respectively. Summary The study reveals clearly that the most common age group showing the presence of PCOS is the age group 25-34 years, as revealed from analyzing the frequency table; this fulfills the first research objective. It was possible to draw conclusions about the second and the third research question using factor analysis. The aim is to identify the most common symptoms of PCOD and to determine the risk factors of PCOD. Menstrual irregularities, weight gain, skin darkening; irregular hair growth, acne and obesity are the most common symptoms of PCOD. According to our factor analysis, factor 2, factor 4 and factor 8 encompass these aspects; apart from these symptoms and therefore it can be said that apart from the symptoms described by the doctors is clearly verified by the sample. Increased BMI, sedentary lifestyle, family history, infertility, junk foods and obesity are the risk factors of PCOD as per doctors in Maldives. Factor 1, factor 3 and factor 5 captures these risk factors; and the r esults from the factor analysis go hand in hand with the comments of the doctors.It must be noted that apart from the factors specified by the doctors, there are other factors which affect the incidence of PCOD as revealed by the factor analysis. The ground reality seems more diversified than that told by the Doctors in the interview.

Mythology Zeus and Achilles free essay sample

However, despite all their strength and authority, neither Zeus nor Achilles appears capable of eschewing or defying the omnipresent power that holds more sway than them: fate. Sans doubt, once a human is dealt his hand, there is nothing that he can humanly do in order to prevent his fate. As for the gods, with all their power and independence, they are still undeniably bound by the hands of fate. Fate is a peculiar phenomenon in that it has no limitations, yet it is a fixed occurrence that does not change over time or through the progression of different events that may influence it. Powerful men and gods such as Achilles and Zeus may do as their hearts and minds desire, because there is no one who can stop or defy them. Thus, the role of fate becomes clear, since fate is without desire or mind; its existence is to curb the ridiculous and emotional wishes of powerful beings who cannot be stopped otherwise. We will write a custom essay sample on Mythology: Zeus and Achilles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Fundamentally, there is no god or man stronger or more powerful than Zeus; he is capable of doing whatever he wants, whenever he pleases. Given this omnipotent ability, all his desires should become immediate manifestations, yet this would only lead to chaos due to the lack of limitations on freedom. There are multiple times during the events of The Iliad that begin with Zeus seriously contemplating using his unlimited power to fulfill his desires yet ultimately ends in his freedom being restricted by fate. In one scene, Patroclus in a blaze of raw magnificence and strength is battling Sarpedon, the son of Zeus. It becomes apparent that the mightier and glory-driven Patroclus will overpower and kill Sarpedon. Zeus is obviously most distressed and sorrowfully states, â€Å"My cruel fate†¦my Sarpedon, the man I love the most, my own son-doomed to die at the hands of Meoetius’ son Patroclus. My heart is torn in two as I try to weigh all this. Shall I pluck him up, now, while he’s still alive and set him down in the rich green land of Lycia, far from the war at Troy and all its tears? † (Iliad 16. 514-520) It is apparent than Zeus could have easily saved Sarpedon in numerous ways, yet he cannot defy the fate of the doomed Sarpedon. In another scene, almost identical to the first, Zeus laments the ill-fate of Hector as he is chased by the vengeful Achilles: â€Å"Unbearable-a man I love, hunted round his own city walls and right before my eyes. My heart grieves for Hector†¦Come, you immortals, think this through. Decide. Either we pluck the man from death and save his life or strike him down at last, here at Achilles’ hands-for all his fighting heart† (Iliad 22. 201-209). Once again, Zeus begins with the desire to save Hector from the enraged Achilles, but he is reminded by Athena of the hand of fate that has been drawn for Hector. In order to remind Zeus of Hector’s fate, Athena protests, â€Å"Father! Lord of the lightning, king of the black cloud, what are you saying? A man, a mere mortal, his doom sealed long ago? † (Iliad 22. 211-214) Upon hearing her objections, Zeus halts his urge to save Hector and realizes that he cannot challenge fate, unless he wants to create total chaos among the gods of Olympus. On the human side, there is the swift runner Achilles who is revered as the greatest warrior amongst the Achaeans. In battle, he is fearless and unmatched; his presence alone sways the very tide of the war. Granted that he is a match for any Trojan soldier and could simply win the war for the Achaeans, his freedom is still restricted by his destiny. When the Achaeans are being routed time and time again by the Trojans, Agamemnon sends an embassy of his finest men in order to persuade Achilles to rejoin the Achaeans in fighting the Trojans. Achilles adamantly refuses the offer and reveals his fate to the embassy: â€Å"Mother tells me, the immortal goddess Thetis with her glistening feet, that two fates bear me on the day of death. If I hold out here and I lay siege to Troy, my journey home is gone, but my glory never dies. If I voyage back to the fatherland I love, my pride, my glory dies†¦true, but the life that’s left me will be long, the stroke of death will not come on me quickly† (Iliad 9. 498-505). Undoubtedly, the prophecy that Achilles receives from his mother weighs heavily upon him. Although he is given the unique opportunity in choosing his fortune, neither option is wholly desirable or undesirable. Consequently, for a large portion f The Iliad, his fickleness with his fates cripples him and renders him paralyzed from being the mighty, unconstrained warrior that he is known and meant to be. Moreover, when the death of his beloved friend Patroclus rouses Achilles to arms, he is deterred by fate from carrying out his impulse to sack the city of Troy. Zeus plots with the other gods to prevent the enraged Achilles from annihilating Troy and rationalizes his decision by stating, â€Å" If Achilles fights the Trojans-unopposed by us-not for a moment will they hold his breakneck force. Even before now they’d shake to see him coming. Now, with his rage inflamed for his friend’s death, I fear he’ll raze the walls against the will of fate† (Iliad 20. 32-36). It is not fated for Achilles to sack the city of Troy; therefore, the gods convened to prevent him from opposing his fate. Moreover, this fate coincides with the original prophecy that his mother told him: if he stayed in Troy and fought, he would gain eternal glory but would die in the battlefields of Troy. In my own opinion, I believe Homer wisely uses the device of fate as a regulator of the limitless power of Zeus and Achilles. Without fate to check their sometimes emotional desires or impulses, the epic of The Iliad would be a ridiculous story that tells of nothing more than the infinite power of two men who do whatever they please and cause chaos in the trail of their emotional whims. Luckily, there is the aspect of fate which adds a sense of organization to the plot. The fact that the two powerful men are constrained by fate does not make them any less powerful, but rather, exemplifies their determination to carry out their desires despite the fate they have been handed. -Paper by LucSilverz

How to Use the Inverted Pyramid in Newswriting

How to Use the Inverted Pyramid in Newswriting Inverted pyramid refers to the structure or model commonly used for hard-news stories. It means that the most important, or heaviest information goes at the top of the story, while the least important information goes at the bottom. Heres an example:  He used the inverted pyramid structure to write his news story. Early Beginnings The inverted pyramid format was developed during the Civil War. Correspondents covering the great battles of that war would do their reporting, then rush to the nearest telegraph office to have their stories transmitted, via Morse Code, back to their newsrooms. But the telegraph lines were often cut in mid-sentence, sometimes in an act of sabotage. So the reporters  realized they had to put the most important facts right at the very start of their stories so that even if most of the details were lost, the main point would get through. (Interestingly, the  Associated Press, which is known for its extensive use of tightly written, inverted pyramid stories, was founded around this same time. Today the AP is the oldest and one of the largest news organizations in the world.) Inverted Pyramid Today Of course, some 150 years after the end of the Civil War, the inverted pyramid format is still being used because it has served both journalists and readers well. Readers benefit from being able to get the main point of the story right in the very first sentence. And news outlets benefit by being able to convey more information in a smaller space, something thats especially true in an age when newspapers are literally shrinking. (Editors also like the inverted pyramid format because when working on tight deadlines, it enables them to cut overly long stories from the bottom without losing any vital information.) In fact, the inverted pyramid format is probably more useful today than ever. Studies have found that readers tend to have shorter attention spans when reading on screens as opposed to paper. And since readers increasingly get their news not just on the relatively small screens of iPads but on the tiny screens of smartphones, more than ever reporters must summarize stories as quickly and as succinctly as possible. Indeed, even though online-only news sites theoretically have infinite amounts of space for articles, since there are no pages to be physically printed, more often than not youll find that their stories still use the inverted pyramid and are very tightly written, for the reasons cited above. Do It Yourself For the beginning reporter, the inverted pyramid format should be easy to learn. Make sure to get the main points of your story - the five Ws and the H - into your lede. Then, as you go from the start to the finish of your story, put the most important news near the top, and the least important stuff near the bottom. Do that, and youll produce a tight, well-written news story using a format that has withstood the test of time.

Research paper of African-American Music Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Of African-American Music - Research Paper Example The Harlem had significant influences over music and dance and introduced the genres of blues, jazz, hip – hop and rap music in America. Two of the types of music are blues and rap which are totally opposite to each other. They have different features and characteristics but are originated from the same race of people; the African Americans. Both the blues and the rap are important types of African American music. The blues was introduced in the hard times of slavery of the Africans in the 19th century, and therefore has a variety of musical expressions and individual styles. This form of music was originated by the spirituals, work songs and rhyming narratives. The blues form is present everywhere in jazz, rock and roll which is characterized through the possession of chords. The blues musical notes are usually for the purpose of throwing expressions and thus they are played on a flattened pitch which is important for the sound. The other characteristics of the blues music genre are the lyrics, bass lines and the instruments. The form can be subdivided in genres like country blues to the urban blues. These became more and more popular in the 20th century when these forms of music became popular in the American culture. Out of all these, Delta, Chicago Blues and jump are the most sung forms. The term blues often refers to sadness or depression. And so it can be analyzed that the form of music represented the period of sadness of the African Americans during the time of slavery and oppression. The lyrics of blues music are most popular for reflecting sorrow and loneliness, although, they do sometimes represent humorous reactions to the common troubles of life (Hamilton, 12). Ever since the blues music has been formed, the singers were known to use expressive lyrics to make some loose narrations. The singer often used a low voice where he tended to convey his

Animals with a saccade and fixate eye movements strategy. Why should Essay

Animals with a saccade and fixate eye movements strategy. Why should this be so - Essay Example In animals the visually elicited spikes have been supported by the modulation in Neuronal excitation. Naturally movements of the eye introduce artifact recordings that are done by the electroencephalographic commonly known as the (EEG). The saccade is the word use to refer to the fast eye movement. The eye being on organ in animals can be referred to as a device the same as in a machine that is very useful with the issue of providing sight to the animal as per that matter.When these simulations are done in a quick movement then this is termed as Saccade where both the eyes do move in the same direction. The focus that comes with the eyes moving straight to the area of interest or concern has been researched as being the fixation. For instance animals are able to detect danger and keep a sharp eye focus on the enemy or at times it might not necessary be danger but the animal has spotted its prey. This will cause more concentration as there is need for food (Johansson, 2001).. The eye at this point has been used for locating the food and then the hunting will take place. This strong focus is what is being referred to as fixation. There are always some small eye vibration that so important in visibility moreover to stand still objects. There is circular kind of movements that will be of great importance in giving a clear and stable image. When we refer to the issue of visual fixation we do refer to the starring of a given point. There is need for the co-ordination of the eye the head and other body parts that will bring Saccade and visual fixation to inter-marry. These bring about speed of responding to events and situations. Let’s take an example of a cheater hunting a gazelle in the field. The Saccade will occur when the cheater will focus and move as close as possible to the prey and the fixation of the eyes will be that it won’t change its focus on the prey (Regan, 2000). On the other hand when the gazelle notices the enemy it will moves with spe ed to save its life as the cheater remains focused to the prey to keep it alive or else it will die of hunger. Now the mechanics on the three fixations does occur when the eye movement is given the category of ocular drift. There are micro saccades and then the ocular micro tremors (Brain, 2006). Their function is to perceptual. Oscillation that occurs from this kind of fixation has not been well detected. The cat family, the primates the avian such as the eagle and owl has been reported to have the best fixation practices. They have a very sharp connection between the eye and the brain that helps the to be well adaptable their environment. They connect the neurons in various different visual parts and connect to their brain perfectly (Brain, 2006). This shows that the text processing is ‘on-line’ on a fixation by the fixation basis. In a similar way, difficult words often result in longer fixations. This indicates that cognitive process operates within single fixations . Like music playing, copy typing has a motor output. According to (Butsch, 1932),a typist of any skill levels always attempt to maintain the eyes about one second ahead of the letter he is currently typing. This is much the same as it is in music reading (Butsch, 1932). In both musical sight-reading and text reading, the gaze must move progressively to the right side. However, it is more complicated in that there are two staves -for key board players- from which the notes are must be acquired. As recorded by Weaver (1943), eye movements of trained pianists gets their gaze alternated severally between the lower and upper staves. This alternation clearly shows that notes that are to be

Friar Lawrence's Influence on Romeo & Juliet Through Baz Luhrmann's Essay

Friar Lawrence's Influence on Romeo & Juliet Through Baz Luhrmann's Eyes - Essay Example Generally, Baz Luhrmanns film provides a perfect understanding of the occurrences in the play. In the film, Luhrmann utilizes artificial and natural light to signify Friar Lawrences influence on Romeo and Juliet. Certainly, the influences of Friar Lawrence results to action in the dramatic end of the play. Without the presence of this character in the play, chances of the occurrence of a tragedy are minimal. Friar decides to marry Romeo and Juliet, thereby being the direct cause of the end tragedy. In other words, assuming that Friar did not marry the two, chances of Romeo and Juliet dying would be minimal. Moreover, Friar Lawrence pushes Romeo at an inopportune point where Romeo becomes uncertain about the position he occupies in love, and Friar Lawrence has hopes that the marriage has high possibilities of generating a positive impact on the quarrelling families. This is evident when Friar Comments; The intentions that Friar has for the potion are good, however, the results of using this portion becomes tragic. The main intention that Friar has for this portion is to help bring together the two feuding families, and at the same time keep Romeo and Juliet together, but unfortunately, this plan ends up to be a contribution of a double suicide. Further, in Luhrmann’s film, Friar Lawrence is depicted as having intense influence on the dreadful outcome of the play. In the play, Friar Lawrence is a holy man trusted by everybody, and Romeo and Juliet hold his judgments with highest reverence. In other words, Friar is a representation of wisdom and moderation (Brenner 58). Despite all the respect and trust that Friar receives, he fails to offer a sensible solution to Romeo and Juliet’s dilemma. Romeo and Juliet’s sad end results from Friar Lawrences inclination to hasty action, his fright of being embarrassed, and his irresponsibility. The first shortcoming of Friar that contributes to tragic outcome is the manner in which he

Underwriting Process in Insurance

Underwriting Process in Insurance Underwriting Process In order for the insurance companies to make profit and charge the appropriate rate for an insured, they undergo the underwriting process. Underwriting is the process in which an insurance company determines if an applicant is eligible for insurance and the rate they should charge if the applicant is eligible. In simpler words, it is a process of risk classification. The purpose of insurance underwriting is to spread risk among a pool of insured in a way that is both profitable for the insurer and fair to the customer. Insurance companies need to make a profit like many other businesses. Therefore, it doesnt make sense if they sell insurance for everyone who applies for it. They may not want to charge an excessive high rate to the customer and also it is not good for them to charge the same premium to every policyholder. Underwriting enables the company to weed out certain applicants and to charge the remaining applicants premiums that are commensurate with their level of risk (Conra d, Clark, Goodwin, Morse Kane, 2011). The underwriting process consist of evaluating several sources of an applicant and the use of complex pricing models developed by actuaries that help the insurance companies set prices. I will focus on the risk classification along with some of the factors that help the underwriters classify each applicant and the use of insurance credit scoring that allow the insurance companies to price the premiums. Factors An insurance company usually looks at various factors during the underwriting process in order to evaluate a potential customer in terms of risk. These factors enable the insurer to determine whether or not the potential customer is insurable. If the potential customer is determined to be insurable, then these factors will help to place them in the appropriate risk group. Some of the factors considered are age, sex, health history, current health/physical condition, personal family health history, occupation, personal habits/character, financial condition, and hobbies (Clark, et al, 2011). Some people believe that any characteristic over which we have no control, such as gender, race, and age, should be excluded from insurance underwriting and rating practices (Baranoff, Brockett, Kahane, 2009, p.157). This argument reflect the idea that the factors used by insurance companies should be based on the behavior of the people instead of the quality on which they are born. Risk Classification Risk classification plays an important role in the pricing of the policy. The premium that the customer pays will depend on the category he/she belongs to. Underwriters classify the applicants into four types of risk groups: standard risk, substandard risk, preferred risk and uninsurable/declined risk. Standard risk. Individuals who have a likelihood of loss or the probability of filing a claim that is not significantly greater than the average are classified as standard risks. Based on the underwriting standards of the insurance company, the people in this group are given a term of insurance without being charged for any extra fees or be subjected to any policy restrictions and they are charged with the standard premium rate (Clark, et al, 2011). Most individual life and health insurance policies are issued at standard premium rates. Substandard risk. Insured that are classified as substandard risk or rated risk, are those that have a greater chance of filing a claim. Applicants are classified in this group because of their health and/or other factors that makes them more likely to die earlier than those who dont possess these kinds of risk factors (Clark, et al, 2011). They are usually charged a higher than standard rate because of the added risks that they possess. Examples of people that may be in this category are those who possess a history of high blood pressure, diabetes, drugs and alcohol. Or maybe they engage in some dangerous activities like skydiving or rock climbing. Preferred risk. Applicants classified as preferred risks are those who are expected to have an above average life expectancy (Clark, et al, 2011). People in this group are preferred by the insurance companies because of their health history and good habits. They are usually offered a lower rate or preferred rate. Applicants that may belong to this group are nonsmokers or people that have a good health history. Uninsurable risk. Individuals categorized as uninsurable or declined risk are those that pose a risk that is too great for the insurance company to cover. The applicants conditions are so rare or unique that the company may not be able to arrive at a suitable premium (Clark, et al, 2011), so their policies are generally declined. Examples of this category include people who have a serious illness and people who conduct illegal activities. Insurance Credit Scoring in Pricing After classifying the applicants into one of the risk groups, the insurance company needs to set price for the policies. One of the tools used by the insurance companies for pricing is the credit scores that help them determine the adequate premium for each consumer. Insurance scores are confidential rankings based on credit history information. Insurance scores are used to provide insurers with a snapshot to provide service to consumers. The score is derived from the consumers previous credit history. This data allows the insurers to price insurance premiums/rates more accurately. (Almarshary, Erbek Reddic) Insurance scores estimate the probability of having insured file a claim. The variables commonly used to estimate insurance scores include measures of performance on credit obligations, credit-seeking behavior, use of credit, length of credit history, and types of credit used (Powell, 2009). They do not include race, color, religion, national origin, gender, marital status, sexual orientation, age, address, salary, disability, occupation, title, employer, date employed or employment history for scoring purposes (Anonymous, 2009). Insurers have found a strong correlation between insurance claims and credit scores. People with low scores are more likely to file claims than people with high scores (Lankford, 2007). They also discovered that people who made late payments tended to have more claims (Almarshary, et al). Improving credit score can certainly make a big difference in the premiums. More insurers now are considering credit scores when setting premium rates. Credit scoring enables insurers to better assess the risk of future claims. In fact, insurance credit scoring helps insurers to differentiate between higher and lower insurance risk (Almarshary, et al). Therefore, insurers will charge a premium based on the information provided by the credit score. When insurers use insurance scores to improve the accuracy of predicted losses, it benefits individuals and society (Powell, 2009). Premiums are closely related to consumers risk of loss on average, so insurance scores increase the fairness in insurance pricing outcomes. Insurance scoring also adds value to insurance transactions. Because insurance scores are accurate and inexpensive rating variables; it reduces the overall cost of providing insurance and this reduction in cost is applied to the premiums of the customer (Powell, 2009). Many people may not be familiar with the underwriting process, but knowing the factors that affect the decision of the insurers of placing you into one of the risk groups, is very useful. In this way, you can easily know if you can be chosen as a potential customer based on your personal information and even if you are not chosen as a potential customer, you might at least know what to avoid in order to decrease the chance of your policy being rejected. Finally, we have to notice the importance of the credit scores, because many insurance companies used it nowadays to price the premiums. Having a good credit history is a key factor to get a lower premium rate in the policy.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

The novel â€Å"Animal Farm† was written in 1945 by author George Orwell.   George Orwell was the pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair, a British writer born in Motihari, India in 1903.   After serving in the Indian Imperial Police force, Orwell wrote â€Å"Down and Out in Paris and London,† an account of the conditions faced by the poor in France and England.   Next, in 1936, he fought in the Spanish Civil War, which was his source of inspiration for â€Å"Homage to Catalonia.†Ã‚   After his days in service, he devoted his efforts to speaking out against the domination of one man over another.   This is shown in books such as â€Å"Animal Farm† and â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four.†   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Animal Farm† takes place in England, on Manor Farm (later renamed Animal Farm) in Willingdon.   It incorporates all seasons of the year, as it takes place over the course of many years, tracing the lives of all the animals.   The point of view in the novel is third person, omniscient.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Animal Farm† is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and the course of communism in Russia and the USSR.   The many characters in the book symbolize either one person or a group of people.   The pigs represent the communist government and are the ones that become corrupt.   More specifically, Old Major is Karl Marx, the â€Å"father of communism,† Snowball is Vladimir Lenin and Napoleon is Joseph Stalin.   The dogs that Napoleon uses as his personal guards symbolize the KGB, the Soviet police force.   Most of the other characters like Boxer, Clover, the chickens, Benjamin and others represent the working class that is gradually taken advantage of more and more throughout the story. Mr. Jones represents the last Russian Czar, Nicholas II, who is overthrown in the Russian Revolution, his men represent the Red Army and Mollie represents the sympathizers of the old government in the USSR.   George Orwell sets up the novel by introducing the prize winning boar ‘Old Major’ and establishing him as the leader of the animals.   He then uses to describe the harsh conditions that the animals (or Russian labor class) were forced to endure on Manor farm and throughout England.   He then tells them how good life would be without humans, which was called in the book ‘animalism’   (represents communism).   Old Major finishes off by teaching the animals a song called â€Å"Beasts of England† which becomes their anthem and remains until outlawed by Napoleon later in the book.

Emotions and the Brain Essay

The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through â€Å"primary† visual cortex. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jung’s methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. The concept of the â€Å"limbic system† as the focal brain division that must be investigated in order to understand emotionality. The medial surfaces of the telencephalic hemispheres (including cingulate, frontal, and temporal lobe areas — especially the amygdala) and interconnections with septal, hypothalamic, and central-medial brain stem areas as part of the neural landscape that constituted the â€Å"emotional brain. Cortical control of primitive behaviors and basic emotions has been achieved in several ways. One way was for the cortex to extend emotions in time by allowing organisms to dwell on past and future events. The organizational principle that has been most commonly used to summarize the neural infrastructure of emotional processes has been Paul MacLean’s concept of the triune brain. According to the classic version which offers a conceptual cartoon of the major layers of neural development, the functional landscape of the brain is organized in three strata of evolutionary progression. Although humans have the largest frontal lobes of any species, dolphins have a massive new brain area, the paralimbic lobe, that we do not possess. The paralimbic lobe is an outgrowth of the cingulate gyrus, which is known to elaborate social communication and social emotions (such as feelings of separation distress and maternal intent) in all other mammals. We should always keep in mind a key conceptual distinction when we consider brain operating systems, namely, how â€Å"open† or â€Å"closed† are these systems in relation to environmental influences FLA loop The neural substrate of language consists of a complex hierarchical system of levels corresponding to stages in neocortical evolution. The system has an anterior (frontal) and posterior (temporo-parieto-occipital) component. The two main classes of aphasia, the non fluent and the fluent aphasias, refer to these components, while the various aphasic syndromes within each class point to different levels within the anterior or posterior sector. The structure as a whole develops out of medial and paraventricular formations through several growth planes of limbic and paralimbic (transitional) cortex to a stage of generalized (â€Å"association,† â€Å"integration†) cortex. The organization of perceptual systems is identical to that of motility. Perception does not occur through a constructive phase of in-processing that begins in koniocortex. Rather, it develops in the reverse direction over a series of levels to a koniocortical end phase. In other words, the process of object formation unfolds in a cognitive sequence leading from a brainstem preobject through a limbic and generalized neocortical phase, to a final modeling achieved through â€Å"primary† visual cortex. In a fashion similar to that of the frontal sector, the perception leads from a global pre-object in a unitary field at a preliminary level to the final more or less contralateral hemifield representation at a koniocortical end stage. (Christianson, 1992) Impaired initiation with lesions of mesial or orbito-frontal cortex may involve the action as a whole, or partially. The patient may be unable to initiate any action (akinetic mutism) or show hypoactivity, inertia and lack of spontaneity. These latter symptoms may represent attenuated forms of akinetic mutism. Perhaps, the degree of encroachment on, or distance from, core regions of frontal limbic cortex (e. g. , anterior cingulate gyrus) determines the extent of hypoactivity. In the partial disorders there is difficulty initiating a vocal act (mutism, transcortical motor aphasia) or limb action (alien hand, SMA syndrome and related disorders). Perseveration also occurs with damage to frontal limbic areas and is related to disturbed initiation. The persistence of a performance is the other side of an inability to go on to the next. Impaired initiation may occur without perseveration, but it is questionable whether the reverse is true. In fact, in perseveration, the initiation deficit often seems primary, for perseveration is greater for tasks which are more difficult, and it tends to involve previously successful performances. (Christianson, 1992) With convexity lesions the action is disrupted at a stage subsequent to its activation. Derailments occur at serial points in the unfolding of the action toward a goal. Apraxia, a substitution or defective selection of partial movements with lesions of left premotor cortex, is due to an alteration of motor timing, or a change in the kinetic pattern for a particular motor sequence. Other frontal disorders may have a similar basis. Agrammatism, dysprosody and expressive amusia probably represent the disruption of an oscillator which elaborates the rhythmic or prosodic contour of an utterance or vocal action. The presumed role of frontal cortex in the elaboration of action structures, that is, the rhythmic or oscillatory components of an action, can explain other seemingly non-motor phenomena which occur with frontal lobe damage. For example, perceptual disorders may arise, not from a primary deficit of perception, but from impairments in the visual exploration of space, including changes in visual search, orientation, and ocular displacement. The lack of drive or motivation in frontal patients can also be approached from a motor standpoint. I have suggested that base levels in the action elaborate the experience, or feeling, of drive and that this experience, like the Innervationsguhl of Wundt, arises as an accompaniment of the action development rather than as an energy or a force which is only an underpinning. In other words, drive undergoes a development together with action. Some actions appear to be motivated by drives or instincts, others are purposeful or goal-oriented, and still others are volitional, in the sense that decisions are made, actions can be delayed and even witheld in pursuit of a goal. My guess is that these feeling states drive, purposefulness, volition correspond with evolutionary levels in the action development, and that this is why damage to the action structure impacts on the feeling state specified by the damaged processing stage. (Lazarus, 1991) Actions also elaborate intentions, the feeling that one it an agent who acts on an environment. This is part of the temporal unfolding of the action and its continual surge toward a future state. It is the basis for our distinction of passive and active movements. This feeling, and the other affects which the action generates, are bound up with the sense of anticipation and forward growth. The loss of, or a change in, this direction toward the future has the consequence of a greater responsiveness to ongoing stimuli and an apparent tendency to live for the immediate present. The loss of this active or volitional relation to the world is, ultimately, the most profound effect of damage to the frontal lobes. The action unfolds into the volumetric space of limbic cognition, a space of dream and hallucination. The action moves outward beyond the body itself to an extrapersonal field of body movement that is still part of and continuous with subjective mental space. This is not a grasping or manipulation space, for objects have not yet exteriorized. The emerging action is read off into keyboards innervating the proximal musculature. Actions leave the body axis and are distributed through the proximal muscles into the space around the body or onto the body itslef. At this stage, the first separation appears between perceiver and object, actor and object acted upon, agent and action. The motor envelope differentiates into partial actions, objects begin to clarify, and space begins to expand, fractionate, and draw away from the perceiver. (Lazarus, 1991) The role of limbic mechanisms in action is brought home even more clearly by conditions in which there is damage to limbic-derived neocortex on the mesial aspect of the frontal lobe. Bilateral damage to the anterior cingulate gyrus gives rise to a state of akinetic mutism resembling that which can occur with damage to the upper brainstem. The patient appears to be in a catatonic stupor and, as in catatonia, there are periodic bouts of excitement that give way to a persistent vegetative state. Stimulation of this region in man produces motor and affective responses suggestive of â€Å"a primitive or archaic level in behavior†. Stimulation adjacent to the anterior cingulate gyrus in the supplementary motor area (SMA) causes iteration or arrest of vocalization and proximal movement, especially of the upper limbs. With damage there may be a â€Å"release† of automatisms and primitive synergies of the arm and hand (alien hand) or difficulty initiating action with the arm though strength and coordination are intact. There may also be difficulty initiating speech. This can lead to selective mutism or selective akinesia, that is, ambulatory mutism or good speech with imparied initiation of limb movement. Selective difficulty initiating movements with the lower extremities occurs in the so-called gait apraxia, or magnetic gait, often associated with hydrocephalus. (Wilson, 1983) In the microgenetic theory the SMA mediates preparatory stages in action generation prior to conscious awareness. Lesions of this area disrupt speech, limb, and body action in a common manner early in the processing of the action, prior to the specification of constituent movement patterns. The disturbance of speech was viewed as motoric, not linguistic or propositional. In the microgenetic view, each response represents a bundle of action structures, consisting of the series of stages through which the action develops. Pathology disrupts the action at different points in this process. The site of the lesion determines the point in the sequence that is disrupted, and this point or processing stage constitutes the symptom or abnormal behavior. Microgeny maps onto patterns of phyletic growth. The structure of an action and the symptoms that correspond to levels in this structure are distributed over stages in forebrain evolution. Damage to older orbital and mesial frontal limbic formations leads to impaired activation (response bias or perseveration and lack of initiation), damage along the convexity leads to derailment of the action after adequate initiation (distractibility, apraxia, and confabulation), and damage to premotor and motor cortices leads to a defect in implementation of distal targets (misarticulation, clumsiness, and weakness). Specifically, the evolutionary progression from limbic to motor cortices retraces the sequence of processing stages in the microtemporal elaboration of an action. Seizures involving mesial frontal limbic cortex can lead to stereotypical actions of a purposeful type, such as scratching one’s head, manipulating imaginary objects, or pacing. The alien hand syndrome also represents a type of released automatism. Here a more complex integrated behavior of a purposeful but not volitional type is associated with damage or stimulation to zones intermediate in the action microgeny. The inner relationship between (impaired) initiation and (â€Å"released†) automatism recurs but now in the context of a more differentiated action pattern, involving segmental or vocal movements. Non-Linear Dynamic Systems. Two aspects of dynamic systems theory deserve specific mention here; the first is the emergent quality of Jung’s methods. Amplification is an intentionally non-linear circumambulation of an image or psychic content; it operates by allowing contextually meaningful associations to be gathered up and enter consciousness. As the limit of personal associations is reached, if further analysis is required, the net is widened to include cultural and archetypal elements. For this expansion to remain clinically relevant it must offer an experiential dimension as well as being an intellectual event; affective involvement is crucial, as will be discussed with dream work. A precondition for entering a state of (analytic) consciousness that can facilitate a mutative employment of transpersonal material was noted by Jung and more fully discussed by Bion, the suspension of ordinary knowing – this link between Jung and Bion was delineated by Fordham along with a number of other areas of overlap between them. All psychoanalysts looking at the applications of infant research to adult analysis, subscribe to variants of an emergentist paradigm grounded in non-linear dynamic systems. Sander’s ideas about paradox and polarity are resonant with Jung’s core perception of the dissociability of the psyche that leads to his theory of complexes with the consequent aim in analysis to foster synthesis and integration via the transcendent function. Every living system must cope with uncertainty that places it in a state somewhere between continuity and change, core polarities for Sander. In the therapeutic setting, fluctuations in relational certitude and doubt provide an emergent edge through which the co-constructed third of the relationship becomes the locus of the transcendent function. The system radically expands our understanding of transference and points to the creative possibilities inherent in a â€Å"new† experience. Which complexes are constellated in the analyst, in the patient and between them at such moments should likely be considered.

Free Essays on Louisiana Creoles

The term Creole means many things to many people. It originates from the Latin word â€Å"creare† which means create. The Webster Dictionary states that a Creole is a white person of French or Spanish descent. Which means that Creoles are descendants of French and Spanish settlers. White Creoles are the French speaking descendants of early French and Spanish settlers. Black Creoles are mostly the French speaking Louisianians of mixed race. Black Creoles have their own culture and customs and even there own language, with most of it coming from French. In Latin America, the term Creole may refer to people of direct Spanish extraction or just part of families whose ancestors go back to the Colonial time period. In the West Indies the term Creole is used to identify descendants of any European settlers. The Spanish word for Creole is â€Å"criollo†and during 1699- 1803 the word Creole meant persons of African or European heritage born in the New World. Creole also mean people born in New Orleans or those who have African, Caribbean, French, or Spanish ancestors. Creoles have had a heavy influence on the heritage of New Orleans. A New Orleans Creole is a French or Spanish descendants of settlers born in the colony, not in Europe. Most Creoles call themselves â€Å"French†. They also consider themselves as the only true â€Å"natives†. They found a spot in society for themselves between whites and unslaved blacks. Today Creole is most often used in Acadiana to refer to a person’s full or mixed African heritage. Creoles have very popular music. It’s known as Zydeco. There is a celebration for Zydeco music which is called the Zydeco Festival. Creoles of African descent had a strong influence on the Cajun culture. Its been told that Creoles are black Cajuns. In 1952, Creoles founded a preservation group called C. R. E. O. L. E., Inc. It stands for Cultural Resourceful Educational Opportunities toward Linguistic Enrichment. ... Free Essays on Louisiana Creoles Free Essays on Louisiana Creoles The term Creole means many things to many people. It originates from the Latin word â€Å"creare† which means create. The Webster Dictionary states that a Creole is a white person of French or Spanish descent. Which means that Creoles are descendants of French and Spanish settlers. White Creoles are the French speaking descendants of early French and Spanish settlers. Black Creoles are mostly the French speaking Louisianians of mixed race. Black Creoles have their own culture and customs and even there own language, with most of it coming from French. In Latin America, the term Creole may refer to people of direct Spanish extraction or just part of families whose ancestors go back to the Colonial time period. In the West Indies the term Creole is used to identify descendants of any European settlers. The Spanish word for Creole is â€Å"criollo†and during 1699- 1803 the word Creole meant persons of African or European heritage born in the New World. Creole also mean people born in New Orleans or those who have African, Caribbean, French, or Spanish ancestors. Creoles have had a heavy influence on the heritage of New Orleans. A New Orleans Creole is a French or Spanish descendants of settlers born in the colony, not in Europe. Most Creoles call themselves â€Å"French†. They also consider themselves as the only true â€Å"natives†. They found a spot in society for themselves between whites and unslaved blacks. Today Creole is most often used in Acadiana to refer to a person’s full or mixed African heritage. Creoles have very popular music. It’s known as Zydeco. There is a celebration for Zydeco music which is called the Zydeco Festival. Creoles of African descent had a strong influence on the Cajun culture. Its been told that Creoles are black Cajuns. In 1952, Creoles founded a preservation group called C. R. E. O. L. E., Inc. It stands for Cultural Resourceful Educational Opportunities toward Linguistic Enrichment. ...

Sigmund Freud and Breuer and Charcots Influence essays

Sigmund Freud and Breuer and Charcot's Influence essays The most influential figure in the world of psychology, the founder of psychoanalysis, the self-made genius: the great Sigmund Freud. His ideas were not entirely developed independently, but they were truly compilations of ideas forged by the network of intellectuals during the late nineteenth century. Two of the most influential men Freuds life was Jean-Martin Charcot and Joseph Breuer. These men sparked the flame within Freud that set modern psychology ablaze. Both figures contributed to Freuds revelation in the case of hysteria. Each man, of different background and position, made unique contributions to the key that opened the door to psychoanalysis. Without such guide and inspiration Freud would have, perhaps, never made the advances, that he did. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in the small town of Freiberg. His father was a wool merchant; his father was sharp, and good-humored. His mother was animated; she was her husband's second wife and 20 years younger than him, when she was 21 when she gave birth to her first son Sigmund. Sigmund had two older half-brothers and six younger siblings. When he was four the family moved to Vienna, where he lived most of his life. Freud was a brilliant child, he was said to have always been at the head of his class; he went to medical school, which was one of the few possible options for a bright Jewish boy in Vienna at the time. There, he became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor named Ernst Brcke. Brcke believed in what we now call reductionism, which states: "No other forces than the common physical-chemical ones are active within the organism." (Freud and Beyond, Stephen Mitchell and Margaret Black) This was a popular belief at the time. Freud spent many years trying to "reduce" personality to neurology; he later gave up on this idea. Freud was very good at his research; he concentrated on neurophysiology; he even inve...

Performnce management (developing methods of performance apraisal) Essay

Performnce management (developing methods of performance apraisal) - Essay Example Performance appraisal can be described as a formal and systematic way of identifying, observing as well as measuring the strengths and weaknesses of the employees in their job (Swanepoel, 1998). The primary goal of performance appraisal is concerned with improving the performance of the individuals as well as the organisation as a whole so that the desired goals can be easily attained. The system of performance appraisal is mainly concerned with gathering information about the performance of different individuals so as to be in a position to make a decision with regards to promotion of other people while at the same time developing and training those who lag behind in order to improve their performance (Mullins, 2010). It can also be seen that a performance appraisal system is designed to provide the managers with information that can be used to make necessary pay adjustments since it is widely believed that employees with outstanding and exceptional performance standards should be r ewarded with pay increases so as to motivate them. In most cases, performance appraisal is carried over a certain period of time where the employees are given a certain task to perform in a bid to establish their level of competence. Information about the challenges they have faced is gathered as well as the aspects they found simple to perform. In order to perform this task, the most effective employee performance appraisal tool that can be used is to give the employees short reflective written tests that are designed to explore their views and perceptions towards their work. In order to do this, it is imperative to assign the employees a certain task that ought to be accomplished over a certain period of time. The manger has to design a set of self reflective questions that can be answered in short answers. These questions should be related to the task that has been performed and they help to establish the level of competence of the individual in as far as this job task is concern ed. The method of testing the capability of the employees in performing a certain task is very effective since they are compelled to give objective answers that are relevant to the experience they would have gained through the assigned task. The other method that could be used is a questionnaire. However, the disadvantage of this method is that the responses are subjective since they do not provide a deep insight about a person’s perceptions towards a certain job activity. The test method is effective in that a person would be given the opportunity to narrate the real situation he or she has encountered. Chances of objectivity are high given that the individual would be in a position to give personal opinions and ideas towards something. These views can be used to measure against the standard expectations in the organization. If an employee shows that he or she has weaknesses in certain areas, this information can then be used to improve those weaknesses so that his overall p erformance can be improved. The employees who display exceptional knowledge and skills in the tasks assigned to them can be considered for promotion by the management. They can also be considered for high pay adjustments so as to motivate them in order to continue putting optimum effort in their performance. The problem of poor performance

"why college education is important to me" Essay

"why college education is important to me" - Essay Example College education is important to me because it facilitates the acquisition of life skills that are gained in the common units. For instance, it is mandatory for students to take social skills classes and critical thinking subjects that help them to develop ideas needed to make life decisions. This improves the self-discipline, study behaviors and career insights as the graduates are focused to achieve their intentions (Gardner 2). Having life skills is essential for me to ensure that I am always positive when attending to different affairs. College education is also important to me because it was my dream to attain a professional degree that will enable me to secure a decent job. It is apparent that college graduates earn good salaries compared to high school graduates and unskilled workers (McMahon16). This will be enough to save for future plans and emergencies that might arise as I seek other avenues of having my own firm. I think acquiring a college education equips one with interpersonal skills of interacting with people from distant regions and backgrounds. Professionals are exposed to a variety of experiences and knowledge in their line of duties and interactions. It is also important for me to acquire a college education in order to be competitive in the global job market. Globalization has facilitated the hiring of labor from across the world and I would wish to be among the skilled workers sought by high performing companies (Bowen 62). I aspire to be an all-rounder employee who understands the requirements of different clients. Attaining this experience of adapting to different organizations requires a person who is capable of accepting people from different diversities. Colleges admit students who observe separate cultures where the sharing of ideas and cultural incorporation take place (Bowen 62). I

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Writer's choice - Essay Example In this essay I will identify similarities and differences between European colonists and indigenous Native American ethnic groups and analyze how the most significant differences between European and Native American cultures made the conflict of two civilizations inevitable. Before the first Europeans settlers stepped on the American land, it was inhabited with more than 500 Native American tribes speaking more than 300 languages.1 In fact, Native Americans had lived in South, Central and North Americas for thousands of years already; they had their own culture, system of religious beliefs and effective societal organization. Some indigenous tribes were sedentary, while others were nomads. Many Native American ethnic groups, like Hurons and Iroquois for instance, were engaged in rivalry between each other, which made them quite similar to European colonialists that came from different competing countries. However, there were more differences between Native Americans and European newcomers than similarities. There is no doubt that European colonialists represented a much more advanced civilization. The technologies they brought to America with them impressed indigenous tribes a lot as the latter had never seen anything like that before (for instance, wea ponry, ships, household goods etc.). Europeans had showed Native American Indians how to handle horses, use cattle, taught how to operate firearms and a lot more. On the other hand, Europeans were impressed and surprised by the way Native American societies were organized because it was strikingly different from what the newcomers used to see back in Europe. The societies were bound by kingship and extended family ties. The societal organization of most of Native American tribes was matrilineal. Women owned the property and did agricultural work, while men were in charge of hunting and defense of

Major Advances in Broadcasting Essay Example for Free

Major Advances in Broadcasting Essay Civil War (1861- 1865) Personal Journalism is born. This allowed people to publish their thoughts and feelings individually. Topics not limited to slavery and racism is written by various people but sometimes not published due to limited freedom in broadcasting. 1890- Yellow Journalism enters the broadcasting arena making it possible for politicians use the power of broadcasting to win elections and cover up bad news. 1918- Edwin Howard Armstrong was able to develop a method for â€Å"amplifying extremely weal, high- frequency signals or the superheterodyne circuit† (Radio and Television). 1930’s- a circuitry was developed to eliminate static that interferes with radio reception. A static free broadcasting was formulated by means of amplitude modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). 1950’s- transistors were invented and made broadcasting more possible. 1956- Videocassette recorders were introduced so that people can view delayed television shows. 1949- The birth of Cable television which is known for its â€Å"good reception and additional programming† (Radio and Television). 1965- Commercial Communication Satellite was first used and it was followed by orbiting transmitters. 1967- A bill was passed in the United States which enables Public Broadcasting (Andersen Gray 400). 1968- 200 million TV sets were made available worldwide. 1972- â€Å"Richard Nixon vetoes funding for public broadcasting† (Andersen Gray 400). 1978- 78% of the households own colored television. 1988- Sony introduced handheld and battery operated televisions also known as the â€Å"watchman† it is a transistorized television. 1990’s- High Density television is made available which features system for satellite transmission. HDTV has better picture and sound compared to analog televisions. 1996- Television and internet begins its competition since more people are depending on the World Wide Web rather than watching television and listening to radio news. 2000-present- more dynamic way of transmitting signals in television, radio and cable are discovered which enables people to receive information faster and clearer than before. There are live streaming features of cables and internet TVs that allows people to see what is happening on the other part of the world it shares endless fascination of everyday living. Today is an important time for Journalism in our country’s history because broadcasting is more developed. Series of advancement were made in terms of information gathering and dissemination of news. It is easier for journalists nowadays to gather vital news and making people aware of the recent events. As technology changes, journalism’s future becomes clearer and more available for people. The history of out country is now easier to trace because freedom of speech is now allowed and the country is experiencing more democracy unlike before. Broadcasting today is more convincing since no one is manipulating the issue. Today’s mass media journalism is not limited to people who are living in this country. It can also be broadcasted on other parts of the world. Works Cited: Andersen, Robin Gray, Jonathan. Battleground: The Media. USA: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. Radio Television Timeline. Great Achievements Website. Retrieved 9 March 2009 from: http://www. greatachievements. org/? id=3659

The Theological Dilemma of Pain and Suffering Essay -- The Problem Of P

The existence of pain and suffering in a world created by a good and almighty God is a fundamental theological dilemma and may be the most serious objection to the Christian religion. In the book, The Problem Of Pain , author C.S. Lewis addresses the issue of pain as a mere problem that demands a solution; he formulates it and goes about solving it. "If God were good, He would make His creatures perfectly happy, and if He were almighty He would be able to do what He wished. But the creatures are not happy. Therefore God lacks either goodness, or power, or both" (p. 16). According to Lewis, this is the problem of pain in its simplest form. In his attempt to solve the problem of pain Lewis evaluates the past and the origin of religion, he offers his interpretation of the various justifications for why pain exists in today's society, and explains how one should deal with pain in order to live out God's will in the future. This essay will examine these rationales and will conclude with a n analysis on how Lewis handles the four foundational sources for understanding the will of God through scripture, tradition, history, and modern context. Lewis evaluates the past in order to explain the problem of pain. He does this by examining the origin of religion and discussing the three elements associated with all developed religions, in addition to an added one in Christianity. The first element is the experiences of the Numinous. Humans are capable of sensing the divine and spiritual presence through the Numinous. The Numinous is a mixed feeling of awe and dread and distinct from fear. Lewis states that there are two possible views of Numinous. The first is that it is simply in the mind and serves no biological function; yet will not disa... ...ainst the traditional and historical interpretations of the scriptures in the Bible. In addition, in becomes apparent early on in his book that Lewis does not believe the Adam and Eve story can be taken seriously by his audience at a literal level in a Darwinian age. In conclusion, Lewis relies heavily on scripture, tradition, and history to explain evilness in terms of the Fall of man, to reject theories of Monism and Dualism, to justify how a good Creator could make a bad creature, and to convey the concept of hell. Conversely, Lewis relies on modern context when questioning God's omnipotence. All in all, Lewis relies to some extent on all four foundational sources in order to understand the will of God and attempt to solve the problem of pain. Works Cited Lewis, C. S. The Problem of Pain. New York: Macmillan, 1962. Print.

Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho :: Film Films Movie Movies Psycho Essays

Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho has been commended for forming the archetypical basis of all horror films that followed its 1960 release. The mass appeal that Psycho has maintained for over three decades can undoubtedly be attributed to its universality. In Psycho, Hitchcock allows the audience to become a subjective character within the plot to enhance the film's psychological effects for an audience that is forced to recognise its own neurosis and psychological inadequacies as it is compelled to identify, for varying lengths of time, with the contrasting personalities of the film's main characters. Hitchcock conveys an intensifying theme in Psycho, that bases itself on the unending subconscious battle between good and evil that exists in everyone through the audience's subjective participation and implicit character parallels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psycho begins with a view of a city that is arbitrarily identified along with an exact date and time. The camera, seemingly at random, chooses first one of the many buildings and then one of the many windows to explore before the audience is introduced to Marion and Sam. Hitchcock's use of random selection creates a sense of normalcy for the audience. The fact that the city and room were arbitrarily identified impresses upon the audience that their own lives could randomly be applied to the events that are about to follow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the opening sequence of Psycho, Hitchcock succeeds in capturing the audience's initial senses of awareness and suspicion while allowing it to identify with Marion's helpless situation. The audience's sympathy toward Marion is heightened with the introduction of Cassidy whose crude boasting encourages the audience's dislike of his character. Cassidy's blatant statement that all unhappiness can be bought away with money, provokes the audience to form a justification for Marion's theft of his forty thousand dollars. As Marion begins her journey, the audience is drawn farther into the depths of what is disturbingly abnormal behaviour although it is compelled to identify and sympathize with her actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is with Marion's character that Hitchcock first introduces the notion of a split personality to the audience. Throughout the first part of the film, Marion's reflection is often noted in several mirrors and windows. Hitchcock is therefore able to create a voyeuristic sensation within the audience as it can visualise the effects of any situation through Marion's conscious mind. In the car dealership, for example, Marion enters the secluded bathroom in order to have privacy while counting her money. Hitchcock, however, with upper camera angles and the convenient placing of a mirror is able to convey the sense of an ever lingering conscious mind that makes privacy impossible. Hitchcock brings