Culture and Civilization

Culture and Civilization According to anthropologists of 19th century, Culture is earlier and Civilization is later. Everything created by man is culture, civilization is an advanced state of cultural development. Culture developed in three stages: Savagery >> Barbarianism >> Civilization (Acts of cruel and violent behavior) (Extremely cruel and unpleasant behavior) Alfred Louis Kroeber said Culture is super organic, he has given three forms of culture namely Social Culture (Status and Role), Value Culture (Philosophy, Morals) and Reality Culture (Science and Technology, etc).According to Kroeber civilization is a part of reality culture. Robert Redfield said culture is a totality of traditions and civilization is a totality of great and little traditions. Culture: The collective appearance of customs, faith, art, language, way of thinking and way of living of a particular group of people. And civilization is the developed part, when different cultures meet. Difference between Cultur e and Civilization, Sociologists View Culture| Civilization| Culture includes religion, art philosophy, literature, music, dance, etc. hich brings satisfaction and pleasure to many. It is the expression of final aspects of life. | Civilization includes all those things by means of which some other objective is attained. Type writers, motors, etc. come under this category. Civilization consists of technology or the authority of man over natural phenomenon as well as social technology which control man's behavior. | Culture is what we are. | Civilization is what we have. | Culture has no standard of measurement because it is an end in itself. Civilization has a precised standard of measurement. The universal standard of civilization is utility because civilization is a means. | Culture cannot be said to be advancing. It cannot be asserted that the art, literature, thoughts are ideals of today’s and superior to those of past. | Civilization is always advancing. The various const ituents of civilizations namely machines, means of transportation, communication, etc. are constantly progressive. | Culture is internal and an end. It is related to internal thoughts, feelings, ideals, values, etc.It is like the soul of an individual. | Civilization is external and a means. It is the means for the expression and manifestation of the grandness, it is like the body of an individual. | Difference between Culture and Civilization, Anthropologists View Culture| Civilization| All societies have culture. | Only a few societies have civilization. | Culture is earlier. | Civilization is later. | Culture is pre-condition for civilization to develop. | Civilization represents a stage of cultural advancement. | Culture is super organic. Civilization is a part of reality culture. | Culture is a totality of traditions. | Civilization is a totality of great and little traditions. | Culture Vs Civilization Firstly, civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire c ivilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization.For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture.It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its cult ure, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be mmaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail.Summary: 1. Culture is by def inition smaller than a civilization. 2. Culture can grow and exist without residing in a formal civilization whereas a civilization will never grow and exist without the element of culture. 3. Culture can be tangible or intangible whereas civilization is something that is more tangible because it is what you see as a whole 4. Culture can be transmitted through symbols in the form of language whereas an entire civilization cannot be transmitted by mere language alone.

Global Logistics Management Essay

Suppose that a manufacturer of men’s shirts can produce a dress shirt in its Houston, Texas plant for $8 per shirt (including the cost of raw materials). Chicago is a major market for 100,000 shirts per year. The shirt is priced at $15 at the Houston plant. Transportation and storage charges from Houston to Chicago amount to $5 per hundredweight (cwt.). Each packaged shirt weighs 1 pound. As an alternative, the company can have the shirts produced in Taiwan for $4 per shirt (including the cost of raw materials). The raw materials, weighing about 1 pound per shirt, would be shipped from Houston to Taiwan at a cost of $2 per cwt. When the shirts are completed, they are to be shipped directly to Chicago at a transportation and storage cost of $6 per cwt. An import duty of $0.50 per shirt is assessed. a. From a logistics-production cost standpoint, should the shirts be produced in Taiwan? b. What additional considerations, other than economic ones, might be considered before making a final decision?

Report Module Topic 7-12 International Business Management Essay

Report Module Topic 7-12 International Business Management - Essay Example International Business Organizational Design 13 4.1 & 4.2 Different types of Organizational Design & Benefits 13 5. International Strategic Control Issues 14 5.1 Control Process of International Business 14 5.2 Control Problems in an International Business 15 Conclusion 16 References 17 Executive Summary The study deals with the implementation of international strategic management process that is undertaken by the firms who are planning to expand its business by entering into foreign market. The report also indicates the problems that are faced by the firms in undertaking the process and the ways to rectify it. It also elaborates the type of entry modes through which the firms penetrate into the foreign markets. The firms are also responsible for undertaking social activities so as to continue their operation ethically. The firms often face problems because of the exporters in such a case they must take few initiatives to improve the situation. The initiatives are elaborated in the r eport. The report will also highlight the risk associated with operational process and planning while the management of a company tries to adopt varied internationalization mode and approaches. The author of the report will focus on the importance of the organizational design and its impact on the organizational outcome. ... Introduction International strategy making is more crucial and complex than the strategies that are made by the domestic companies. The manager of the firm who is entering a new foreign market has to deal with a number of governmental policies of the host country and take care of the conflicting demand between the domestic and the host country factors 1. International Business strategies and CSR 1.1 Steps in International strategic management International strategic management can be defined as the ongoing and comprehensive management planning process that aims at devising and executing strategies, which enables firms to compete internationally (Arnold, 2003). The steps are as follows: Foreign Market Analysis The foreign markets are researched carefully to get the picture of the overall condition of the market. Before entering the foreign market, the cost and benefits of the venture are assessed carefully by the firms. The risk associated with the business is also evaluated in order to safeguard their operation from beforehand. The investment banking corporations analyze the new foreign market before entering. Choose a mode of entry In the next step, the firm decides the mode through which it will enter the foreign market. The entry of the firms can be elaborated by the Dunning’s Eclectic Theory. The theory provides the firms with two modes of entry: FDI related mode and the non-FDI related mode. The theory gives the following advantages: 1) Ownership advantages identify the intangible and tangible resources that are owned by the firm. These resources grant them competitive advantage over their competitors in the industry. 2) Location advantage identifies the non-economic and economic factors that can influence the interest of locating production

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Report - Essay Example ABC being Australia resident also wanted to directly invest in business with his friend in India. They have planned to start cottage stitching factory in name of ABC STICH in slum area of India in beginning and later proceed to expansion based on results. With vast variation on present in two countries business methodologies, it is agreed upon to use basic project management technique to evaluate business idea and its processes. 2.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT Project is complex non- routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget and resources and performance specifications designed to meet customer needs. To accomplish project work in due course of planning to accomplish desired results, application of project planning is very important 3. There are different ways or techniques of managing a project. These techniques discusses all the activities that are expected to become part of project, possible time and details required to complete each activity as well sequence of activities and their dependency on each other4. ABC STICH will be using the following techniques to evaluate feasibility of the project and manage it: Work Break Down Structure (WBS) Gantt chart Project / Program Evaluation and Review technique (PRET CHART). 2.1. WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE: Work Breakdown Structure as the name suggest is the breakdown of entire project into smaller chunks that identify various tasks’ details 5. It provides break-up of task in various levels in an organized way usually presented in hierarchical form; however, tabular form is also no exception6. Work Break Down is the foundational building block to initiating planning and executing, monitoring and controlling processes used in managing projects. It represents an explicit description of the scope, deliverables and outcome of the project; both internal and external deliverables. Highest level defines the ultimate outcome of the project while each lower level defines more details into small job chunks in logical manner . It only addresses the input, deliverables and output and not the process and schedule for these; therefore, forming base for other techniques. 2.1.1 Few Key characteristics of Work Break down Structure are as follow: Deliverable Oriented: every level is aimed at producing / completing certain task or phase that makes it aligned with due deliverables. Hierarchical Decomposition: hierarchical breakdown provides more manageable pieces of work that effectively provide greater details of work that contributes to overall project in question. The 100% Rule: The 100% rule states that Work break Down Structure encompasses the entire scope of the project from starting to end point while including all interim processes. Every chunk of the broken structure is an important contributor in overall project completion. Presentation Method Flexibility: presentation method flexibility depending on the project from hierarchical to tabular or any other presentation method also makes it more adaptable to various business and project needs. 2.1.2. APPLICATION OF WORK BREAKDOWN METHOD ON ABC STICH: To identify various levels, work break down structure of ABC has been so developed: 1. Identification of various possible locations. 2. Analysis of various locations based

EDU 636 Team project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EDU 636 Team project - Research Paper Example If this kind of learning environment is achieved, the adult learners would be surely in their optimal state to learn (Materna, 2007). The facilitator could then expect an interactive population of learners. In light of the aforementioned facts, for the adult learners who are the subject of the study, they will be subjected to an e-learning environment. This type of learning environment will primarily utilize computers and the internet. It is to be expected that each of the learners will have both of them at home or anywhere. The adult learners will have to log on to a designated website to be formally recognized by the facilitator. The website wherein the discussion will transpire will have to be user-friendly and complete with the needed accessories such as the discussion board. Unlike in a typical classroom discussion, wherein the teacher and the students will have a face to face interaction, in an e-learning environment, the participants will experience the so called virtual commu nication. What connects the teacher to the adult learners is the internet. All the educational materials will be available on the website wherein the adult learners could easily access and download. Explanation of whether the learning environment is primarily synchronous, asynchronous, or a blend.

Pen Marked Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Pen Marked - Essay Example This discussion is an application of the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case memo or case study. Before applying the steps of critical thinking in Penn-Mart case study, it would be important to outline the benefits of critical thinking. Browne and Keeley (2014) notes that critical thinking helps individuals react decisively, review and critic a presented material. In this respect, applying critical thinking in Penn-Mart memo forms the basis for its review and criticism. Based on the writers articulation of ideas and conclusions, the reader can either accept or reject the presented material. The first step of critical thinking as presented by Browne and Keeeley (2014) is identification of the issue and conclusion of the subject matter. In other words, this step involves identification of the argument, hypothesis and the projected or anticipated communication. To identifying the issue, Browne and Keeley (2014) advises that one ought to reflect and raise questions in regards to what the writer is responding or reacting to. In this respect, the issue in Penn-Marts case is the escalating expenditure in terms of healthcare benefits for the employees. Conversely, there must also be the identification of the conclusion in critical thinking. This involves a reflection on what the author of the material is seeks to establish (Browne and Keeley, 2014). In this case, the conclusion of Penn-Mart case can be deduced from the objective of the proposed "Get Well" program. It is the belief of the writer that improving employees awareness of their individual health status and subsequent ly assisting them identify health problems that could be alleviated or lessened by means of individual improvement approaches would significantly reduce the costs incurred by Penn-Mart through healthcare benefits. The writer clearly defines the issue and conclusion. The second step of critical thinking is identification of the rationale (Browne and Keeley, 2014). This

The Pros and Cons of Globalization for India Research Paper

The Pros and Cons of Globalization for India - Research Paper Example Because of globalization, various connections have taken place in global arena. Cultural and economic interactions have become more pronounced (Steger 49-89). Moreover, creations of free flow of people, goods, and services. Communication advancements have streamlined the globe and the world has now been viewed as a one village. Interconnections have increased rapidly due to advancement in technology. India is one of the countries that globalization has influenced in all aspects (Steger 123). This paper seeks to discuss pros and cons of globalization in India. Globalization has ensured India open up to the rest of the world. Various changes have taken place in India due to globalization. Globalization led to Indian government waiving restriction of its market to foreign interventions in the 1990’s. Consequently, Indian economy saw a tremendous growth that was unprecedented. Various sectors of the economy improved with a marginal rate such as steel industry, medical companies, a nd the energy (Nayak 113-115). Moreover, inflow of foreign income increased. In addition, the number of foreign investors in India increased and more jobs were created. Likewise, crucial areas of the economy such as the rails and roads were rebuilt due to increased source of revenue. The rate at which foreign companies and firms engaged with India also increased and the number of working class rose due to demand of workforce by industries that were built because of globalization. Most of the Indian industries adopted new technological advancement was distributed evenly in global arena. Secondly, relations between countries and India have improved significantly. This is due to thrust on the industry and trade in India. Consequently, this has led to improved accumulation of revenue and communication between trading partners. This has instilled a level of reliance and reciprocated confidence. In addition, globalization has led to proliferation of Indian pharmaceuticals companies especi ally in Africa. Indians have been outsourced to various countries due to cheap provision of labor. Such country like America have benefited from Indian worker since early 1990’s. Indian doctors have been outsourced to various part of the world (Mazumdar and Sarkar 141). In addition, the number of patient seeking specialized treatment in India has improved significantly in the last decade. The rise of foreign industries and product has given consumers chance to have a wider variety of good to choose from. However, even after the tremendous changes that were achieved after globalization there were still negative impact of globalization to the republic of India. India depends largely on its own company for growth and revenue acquisition. However, this has been hindered by globalization. Due to heavy investment by foreign companies in India, the rate of competition has increased. Majority of Indians consumer have changed their preference and taste and this made them to opt qualit y good manufactured by foreign companies. This affected Indian major companies such as steel and pharmaceuticals companies that were perceived to produce lower quality goods. Most of the companies that brought competition are from China and America. Additionally, high level of foreign investment to a country does not correlate to improved revenue. This is because most of the acquired profit is usually shipped back to mother country for

Work Plan for Interior Designer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Work Plan for Interior Designer - Assignment Example Interior designers work usually runs in a well laid out sequence. The designer starts by determining the client’s requirements, tastes and preferences before undertaking the project. At this point, they have to consider the number of the building users and hence making enough interior space for them to move comfortably making sure that the taste of client does not hinder motion within the building. After the initial considerations, the interior designer has to make the preliminary sketches of the design plans. These plans will enable them to identify the material they need for the projects such as lighting, furnishes, furniture, tiles, carpets, and decorations. After the preliminary designing, the interior designer has to make a preparation of the final plans usually by the use of the appropriate computer software and present the same to the client. In a case the client is not satisfied by the expected appearance, the interior designer has to make the corrections and adjustments to suit the client's needs. After the designing process, the interior designer has to make an estimate of the cost of the project and create a realistic timeline for the implementation of the same. They then have to oversee the project implementation to ensure that everything goes along with the plan. It is also imperative that they carry out a post-project survey to make sure that the final product satisfies the client. Interior designing is multifaceted and the designer has to work closely with other professionals within the construction industry such as structural engineers, architects, and builders. It is therefore imperative that they are able to read blueprints. It is also compulsory for interior designers to be adequately knowledgeable of building codes as well as inspection regulations.

The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with Essay

The role of radiological imaging in the diagnosis of a child with abdominal pain - Essay Example In children, one of the most common symptoms is abdominal pain. Many parents attest that their children would always complain of some tummy aches. In many cases, these episodes are known to be insignificant. Many children would have various thresholds of tolerating pain3. On the other hand, the parents would have a variation in their threshold of the appropriate time of bringing their child to the hospital. The paediatric and paediatricians rooms of emergency are always full of parents in need of attention from the doctors. In this case, the physician need to decide the patients who warranty for more work up with imaging and the type of patients who require the referral to the paediatric surgeon.4 The surgeons need to decide the types of patients that warranty the interventions of the surgeon and the patients who need medical observation or management. Even though the presentation in a child with abdominal pain may be common, all the individual children would give unique challenges t o the involved physicians. The abdominal pain pathophysiology is complex. The abdominal organ stimuli together with the gastrointestinal tract, move through the sympathetic nerves towards the ganglia of the thorax and the spinal cord. The shown stimuli have been reported to be poorly localized. The pain coming from the visceral glands is equally poorly localized, and is always believed to be the midline that is linked with the secondary autonomic effects like vomiting, nausea and pallor. In many cases, the many pain location may characterize the organ that is affected. The Epigastric pain comes from duodenum, stomach, pancreas, biliary system, or liver. Periumblical pain, comes from the small intestine. The infraumblical pain, on the other hand comes from the rectum and colon, ovaries and uterus, kidneys and bladder. The ovarian and renal pain is always located laterally to the side that is affected.

Marx's concept of alienation and Christianity's concept of sin and Essay - 1

Marx's concept of alienation and Christianity's concept of sin and disordered will - Essay Example We should realize alienation as a means in which, individuality, freedom, and subjectivity develop. Christians should view it as a process of self realization and self development. They should not view it as a way of creating fragmentation and division among people (Harvey 18). The concept of sin and disordered will should not be linked to alienation, nevertheless should Christians take excuse for the hostile alien powers that operate as if they are uncontrollable powers of nature. The remedy for Christianity and the actual meaning still remain debated. It is viewed in other terms as to being interpersonal or personal. We are, therefore, required to have a conscious choice of actions with Christians advised to reject techniques that are incompatible with the Christian world. We should be ready to accept things that promote unified and coherent world. Alienation should not be taken as an excuse for any sinful activity (Fromm

Global Sourcing Challenge Case Questions Essay Example for Free

Global Sourcing Challenge Case Questions Essay 1. Marianna Barner should decline the invitation for IKEA to have a representative appear on the upcoming forecast of the German video program. The producers of the documentary invited them to take part in a live discussion during the airing, and while this offer does sound beneficial for IKEA to educate the public and the producers of the current efforts taken to fight child labor, it would not be in their best interest. This is attributed to the fact that the producers refuse to let IKEA preview the video beforehand and that they are aware that the producers â€Å"planned to take a confrontational and aggressive approach† directly aimed at them. As a result, there is a very high possibility that the representative would then be blindsided with questions and then IKEA’s message of their efforts would not be portrayed accurately. Instead, IKEA should respond to the allegations by releasing their own statement allowing them to explain their efforts once they have had the opportunity to review all evidence and verify the credibility. 2. In regards to the supply contract that IKEA has with Rangan Exports, it would be best if Barner terminates the contract, should sufficient evidence prove that they do indeed use child labor. They stress the importance of taking responsibility for their suppliers, and in the IWAY (IKEA Code of Conduct), it clearly states that they do not accept Child Labourm, otherwise their contract will be terminated. The well-regarded company (Rangan) had signed an addendum that explicitly forbids the use of child labor, so it is important that IKEA upholds their standards and codes in order to maintain a fair position with their other suppliers. It would also be wise for her to then issue a statement or press release about the severed ties with the company, stating the reasons for the decision and maintaining integrity by upholding their own policies regarding child labor, so that the public and other suppliers see that they won’t tolerate unethical behavior or violations to their contra ct. 3. It is suggested that IKEA stays in India and continue operations. The long-term strategy that Barner should take regarding continued operations includes maintaining their code of conduct to uphold their image of being responsible for their suppliers and the environment, while also contributing to an improved quality of life for those in India.

Case enron Essay Example for Free

Case enron Essay Enron faces most of the risk ordinarily faced by any energy company, including price instability and foreign currency risks. Enron operated in many different areas of the world with different regulatory and political risks. Enron faced business risks such as a complex business model, extensive use of derivatives and special purpose entities, aggressive transaction structuring and accounting, rapid expansion of business through complex and unconventional ventures, extensive reliance on credit rating, and limitations in GAAP. The complex nature of the business model of Enron increased the likelihood of material misstatements. It enabled the management to overstate its revenue while not disclosing the actual value of its debt. The risk of fraud by management was high. The transactions involving SPEs essentially involved Enron receiving borrowed funds that were shown as revenue without recording liabilities. Also, the amount of misstatements was huge as Enron had hundreds of such SPEs. Complex financial derivative transactions were used to hide enormous amounts of debt. Huge increases in borrowing were made to look like hedges for commodity trades rather than new debt financing. The network of SPEs along with complicated speculations and hedges kept an enormous amount of debt off the balance sheet. The accounting standards were inadequate in providing for the proper accounting of these transactions. The loopholes in the standards were used to structure transactions in such a way that hundreds of SPEs were excluded from consolidation. Also, the management took advantage of the complexity of accounting standards to shroud the actual economic substance of the transactions. Adequate disclosures with regard to related party involvement and securing outside SPE investors against possible losses were not made.

Physiology of Athletes

Physiology of Athletes Extended Response 1 This is fun run is effective as it incorporates factors affecting performance.   The two competitors which participated in the long distance (14km) fun run must have used the dominant energy system which is the Aerobic Energy System even though in the certain parts of the event the ATP energy system could have been used.   The aerobic system is initiated during continuous activity and the body is then able to provide oxygen to the working muscles. The presence of oxygen allows the muscle glycogen to be broken down to form ATP, this overall process is the aerobic glycolysis. The sources of fuel for the aerobic system are carbohydrates which are broken down into glucose are either used or stored as muscle glycogen and/or the liver, fat can also be used over long periods once the glycogen fuels deplete. Compared to the ATP/PC system the production of ATP for the Aerobic System is the slowest but the most efficient , it utilises oxygen to metabolise muscle and liver glycogen as well as blood glucose and fatty acids. The duration is technically unlimited depending on the intensity and availability of oxygen, the cause of fatigue is the continuous use and depletion   of blood glucose, muscle glycogen, or fatty acids. The by-products of energy production in the aerobic energy system is water, carbon dioxide (CO2) and heat. The aerobic system takes the longest time to recovery and depending on the intensity of the activity it takes approximately 24 hours to replenish the energy stores. The two athletes must have had different physiological adaptations due to the huge difference in times as the faster athlete finished in 48 min while the slower athlete finished in 85 min. These adaptations include resting heart rate which is the minimum number of heart beats required to maintain body function at rest, in response to training the resting heart rate decreases as aerobic fitness improves because of the increased efficiency of the cardio respiratory system   meaning the heart does not need to work as hard. Other adaptations include stroke volume and cardiac output which refer to the amount of blood pumped via the left ventricle in each contraction and the amount of blood pumped each minute , in response to training the heart size will increase especially the ventricles making it possible for more powerful contractions and more blood to be discharged every contraction. A high intensity activity will need more blood meaning higher stroke volume, this is one of the factors that clarify why the competitor finished faster than the other as the trained athlete has a higher stroke volume compared to an untrained athlete.   The cardiac output also becomes more efficient as the heart rate adjusts to the body meeting the blood demands, it is proportional to stroke volume. Oxygen uptake and lung capacity are physiological adaptations, oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is the absorption and utilisation of oxygen by muscles at certain intensity, lung capacity is the amount of air that can be held within the lungs during a breadth. In response to training vital capacity increases slightly while the residual volume slightly decreases, but the total lung capacity does not change unless maximal effort activities are undertaken. Haemoglobin level is the amount of red blood cells (oxygen carriers) this is also a physiological adaptation, in response to training the haemoglobin level increases meaning the red blood cells can carry more oxygen making the athlete perform high intensity activities. Due to training another physiological adaptation that can occur is the reduction of blood pressure in the body due to the result of extensive training, blood pressure is the term used to describe the pressure of blood in the inner artery walls. Looking at all the stated physiological adaptations by the help of aerobic exercise it is clear that the faster athlete has trained extensively using a proper training program, by doing so this athletes long term body response due to the training is enhancing his ability in completing the 14km fun run faster than the slower athlete. Extended Response 2 Athletes using supplementation is often debated on the basis of how effective it is. The reason why athletes use supplements is to help the athlete achieve their nutritional needs and goals especially during competition and training. The main supplements used by athletes include vitamins, minerals, caffeine, protein supplements and creatine supplements. The point of taking vitamin supplements is to help the body release energy from food, the energy that is released is then incorporated in tissue rebuilding and metabolic regulation. The advantage of taking vitamins is that through taking antioxidants (vitamin C, E and beta-carotene) it can de-stress the athletes. The disadvantage is that if an athlete takes vitamins in high dosage it could have detrimental effects (excessive consumption if vitamin A can cause fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea and skin dryness) and in general it does not affect performance. Vitamins do not affect sports directly. By taking mineral supplements performance is maintained as the body function is regulated. The consumption of iron supplements reduce the effects of sports anaemia and the use of calcium maintains the quality of bones. Minerals are mostly used in sports to make sure the athlete performs at their peak. Protein is the supplement responsible for growth, repair and maintenance of body tissue and in most cases while performing extreme level activity can act as a energy source. Protein can repair deficient muscles, but in excess use it can contain carcinogenic additives while protein seen to be very useful it has not directly related to sport. Caffeine is an ergogenic aid which has a positive impact on metabolic processes and it is also affects the aerobic/anaerobic performance due it being a stimulant having an effect on the cognitive processes helping the alertness of an athlete. Caffeine is helpful for endurance athletes (marathon runners) due to the free fatty acids which are used on working muscles converted from fat stores and it also advocates glycogen sparing. Working muscles that use ATP-PC can derive energy through creatine supplementation. Creatine supplements helps an athlete achieve muscle hypertrophy and improves ATP resynthesis and recovery time, but if overdosed the chances of contracting renal disease and getting muscle cramps increases. Creatine supplements focuses on weightlifters and also sprinters as with it use gives explosive movements. There is a lot of evidence pursuing for the use of supplements for improved performance. This evidence includes that it can help specific athletes either who are vegetarians that lack calcium or iron in their diets or females to prevent osteoporosis later in life they may need the consumption of more calcium meeting their nutritional goals having an indirect performance enhancement. Direct performance enhancement can be achieved through the correct use of supplements, caffeine assists in fat metabolism in endurance events and improves cognitive processes, protein can be taken by strength athletes and endurance athletes due to the intensity of the activity, creatine easily allows muscle hypertrophy to be achieved and it also improves the recovery time and ATP resynthesis. Another piece of evidence is that it provide the athlete with a psychological boost improving performance (placebo effect). The use of supplements can also meet the nutritional goals of an athlete such who has defici encies (mineral/vitamin), the difference in food when travelling to a different country and not being able to maintain normal eating schedule. There is also a lot of evidence voting against the use of supplements for improved performance. Evidence includes that it may have side effects through excessive use; vitamins can cause joint and muscle pain, nausea, headaches ; creatine can cause increase chance of renal disease and muscle cramps; protein is a contributor to obesity due to the unused protein being stored as fat and can also cause renal problems. Other side effects that have an effect on performance is when consuming creatine it can cause unnecessary weight-gain creating a problem for weight based sports e.g. boxing, protein can contain carcinogenic additives and caffeine can cause a diuretic effect increasing the rate of dehydration. Another piece of evidence against supplementation is that if the body is in excess the expensive capsules/powders consumed are excreted. Creatine also cause contamination as it may contain banned substances (banned by anti-doping agencies). With the constant use of supplements the costs focused on training, equipment and diet needs shifts to the supplements causing a finance problem. For an elite sports athlete having a balanced with adequate amounts of protein, a natural source of creatine and eating foods that contain what the supplements contain sufficiently   makes the use of supplementation unnecessary however if due to certain circumstances cannot keep to the balanced diet they may turn to supplements as a short-term assistor.

Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once :: English Literature:

Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once Great Gatsby -ambitious? Jay Gatsby’s character encompasses a lot of characteristics at once, making him one of the most diverse characters in the book. As we move deeper and deeper into the novel, we discover that we can narrow down Gatsby’s characteristics down to a few adjectives. One of the main adjectives that can be written onto Jay Gatsby is ambitious. We can say to a very large extent that Gatsby’s character is very ambitious. There are several different occasions that can support things argument. For instance, why does Gatsby throw all his lavish parties? He throws them in order to seduce and get Daisy’s attention. This is directly related to his ambition for getting Daisy, since he never gives up his naà ¯ve view on his love for Daisy. He has thrown so many parties that it is now a custom for everyone to book â€Å"Gatsby’s mansion† on their Saturday’s in their calendars. He never surrenders and feels hopeless over Daisy, yet instead he strives harder and harder as the days go by to seduce her. This is a solid proof of his ambition for love. He has such a strong willed heart that he will never let go of it until the day he dies; which is what happens. In addition he never realized that maybe he can’t ever have Daisy, but of course his ambition has worked too hard to give up when he’s tried for so long. Another great example of his ambition is his business and his striving to become a permanent member of the upper-class. For years he has tried to do great business with Wolfshiem, to get into the right deals, in order to enhance his wealth and set up his position in West Egg. He isn’t a part of the established wealth however through buying his way into everything, especially the social life and Daisy’s heart; he thinks he can be a part of the East Egg lifestyle.

The Character of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet is arguably the greatest dramatic character ever created. From the moment we meet the crestfallen Prince we are enraptured by his elegant intensity. Shrouded in his inky cloak, Hamlet is a man of radical contradictions -- he is reckless yet cautious, courteous yet uncivil, tender yet ferocious. He meets his father's death with consuming outrage and righteous indignation, yet shows no compunction when he himself is responsible for the deaths of the meddling Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and the pontificating lord chamberlain, Polonius. He uses the fragile and innocent Ophelia as an outlet for his disgust towards the Queen, and cannot comprehend that his own vicious words have caused her insanity. Hamlet is full of faults. But unlike Macbeth, who has committed murder and, as a direct consequence, has been relegated to the heap of weak-willed villains, Hamlet has remained a demigod of sorts -- his faults having been quashed under his good qualities. What are Haml et's good qualities? How is it that even seemingly negative qualities like indecisiveness, hastiness, hate, brutality, and obsession can enhance Hamlet's position as a tragic hero -- a 'prince among men'? To answer these questions we must journey with Hamlet from beginning to end, and examine the many facets of his character.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Our first impression of Hamlet sets the tone for the whole play. Even without Shakespeare providing an elaborate description of Hamlet's features, we can envision his pale face, tousled hair, and intense, brooding eyes. Dressed totally in black, Hamlet displays all the 'forms, moods and shapes of grief'. His mother cannot help but notice Hamlet's outward appearance of mourning, but Hamlet makes it clear that the overt signs o... ...ally die, it is his princely qualities that make the lasting imprint in our minds. Hamlet remains The courtier's, soldier's, scholar's, eye, tongue, sword, The expectancy and rose of the fair state, The glass of fashion, and the mould of form The observ'd of all observers (III.i.153-56)          Bibliography Bradley, A.C. Shakespearean Tragedy. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1966). Burnett, Mark, ed. New Essays on Hamlet. (New York: AMS Press, 1994). Evans Lloyd Gareth. Shakespeare IV. (London: Oxford university Press, 1967). Granville-Barker, Henry. Prefaces to Shakespeare.3 (New York, Hill and Wang, 1970). Loske, Olaf. Outrageous Fortune. (Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1960). Muir, Kenneth. Shakespeare and the Tragic Pattern, Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol.XLIV (London: Oxford University Press, 1958).

Ratio Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Companies strive from day to day to make their business publicly strong, financially strong, and appeasing and profitable for its shareholders. Shareholders as well as the company’s management use several tools to determine a company’s health and direction. These tools are better known as ratio analysis. Ratios are among the more widely used tools of financial analysis because they provide clues to and symptoms of underlying conditions.2 Ratios help measure a company’s liquidity, activity, profitability, leverage and coverage.1 These five measured sections show how ratio analysis is used in decision-making, how a firm can measure its financial situation and financial performance, and the strengths and weaknesses of the company. The term ratio analysis can be broken down into smaller sections. The first is a current ratio which is the ratio of current assets to current liabilities. This ratio shows how well a company’s current liabilities are covered.1 Even though this ratio is used often, it does have its limitations. Since it shows all current assets it does not differentiate among the assets with regard to their degrees of liquidity, show it can show skued results .Another commonly used ratio is the acid-test ratio, also known as the quick ratio. This ratio shows an investor how the short-term liquidity, or how quickly the company’s assets can be turned into cash.2 Inventory turnover is an important and often overlooked ratio that indicates inventory levels. A low turnover...

What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a “Child-Free”Lifestyle

Amtrak: Long Distance Trains: FY 2008 Long-Distance Train Facts †¢ A long-distance train typically consists of sleepers, coaches, a diner and/or a lounge car. †¢ Long-distance trains travel as far as 2,800 miles and pass through as many as 12 states. †¢ Amtrak operates 15 long-distance trains over 18,500 route miles serving 39 states and the District of Columbia. These trains provide the only rail passenger service to 23 states. †¢ In FY 2008 these trains carried 4. 2 million passengers accounting for 2. billion passenger miles—42% of Amtrak’s total—and produced ticket revenues of $415 million. †¢ The average long-distance train passenger traveled 626 miles in FY08. †¢ Long-distance trains run primarily on tracks owned and maintained by private freight railroads. †¢ These trains are not the big money-losers that they are often portrayed to be; only about $300 million annually would be saved if they were eliminated, and only afte r a five-year period. Background InformationAmtrak’s long-distance trains provide an essential transportation service for many communities and to a significant percentage of the general public. Many long-distance trains serve small communities with limited or no significant air or bus service, especially in remote or isolated areas in the United States. As a result of airline deregulation and decisions by national bus carriers to exit many communities, rail transportation may provide the only feasible common carrier transportation option for a growing number of areas. If long-distance trains were eliminated, 23 states and 243 communities would be left with no intercity passenger rail service and 18 other states would lose some service. No state or private operator has picked up a long-distance route that Amtrak has eliminated. Amtrak Government Affairs: February 2009 Amtrak: Long Distance Trains: FY 2008 Importance of the Long-Distance Trains The route across the northern tie r of states, the Empire Builder, with 554,000 passengers in 2008, is the only public transportation service in many communities in North Dakota, Montana and eastern Washington.For most of the states along the Empire Builder, tourism serves as a major economic engine. A recent study identifying the economic contributions of the Empire Builder showed nearly $14 million in annual economic benefits in Montana alone. 2 Long-distance trains also provide transportation during periods Amtrak’s California Zephyr follows the of severe weather or emergencies that stall other modes of same route over Donner Pass as the nation’s first transcontinental railroad. transportation.This was demonstrated after the September 11 terrorist attacks that grounded air travel. Additionally, these trains provide a strong economic benefit for the states and communities that they serve. The majority of passengers on the long-distance trains do not travel between the endpoints, but rather to any com bination of city pairs. For example, the Southwest Chief, which travels from Chicago to Los Angeles via Kansas City, has 33 stops, creating 528 possible trip combinations.Measuring Financial Performance of Long-Distance Trains Most of Amtrak’s expenditures are due to the immense capital needs of its infrastructure, particularly the Northeast Corridor, not the operating costs of the long-distance trains. These operating cost figures should be cited with caution. Critics often refer to the â€Å"loss per passenger† of the longdistance trains. However, each long-distance train passenger is the equivalent of five short distance train passengers because of the greater distances traveled.More importantly, these â€Å"loss per passenger† figures often include not only the â€Å"avoidable† costs of operating individual long-distance trains (such as the cost of diesel fuel) but all of the shared costs that Amtrak incurs for the benefit of both long-distance and co rridor trains (such as the cost of mechanical facilities, Amtrak’s computer systems, and stations like Los Angeles Union Station). Including shared costs produces inflated and misleading â€Å"loss† figures, since these costs will not go away if long-distance trains are eliminated. Eliminating all long-distance trains would produce negligible cost savings in the first few ears because Amtrak must pay labor protection to impacted employees. When these payments end after five years, the savings would still be minimal—around $300 million annually, or about a quarter of Amtrak’s annual appropriation in recent years. Eliminating individual trains produces even fewer savings—most of the shared costs of Amtrak’s long-distance network would remain. Additionally, Amtrak continues to make changes to its long-distance trains that will improve revenue and finances for the system. Amtrak exited from the mail and express business in 2004, resulting in sho rter and more convenient schedules, with reduced labor costs.The repair of wreck-damaged equipment continues and will allow Amtrak to increase capacity, and therefore revenues, on long-distance trains, which often sell out. Amtrak began a Simplified Dining Service on most long-distance trains in early 2006. These changes will help further reduce the losses of long-distance trains. 1 Intercity Passenger Rail Transportation: AASHTO, 2002. 2 Analysis of the Economic Benefits of the Empire Builder, R. L. Banks & Associates: http://www. mdt. state. mt. us/tranplan/docs/empire_builder. pdf Amtrak Government Affairs: February 2009

Curricular theory and theorists Essay

The word course has its origins in the running/chariot tracks of Greece. It was, liter on the wholey, a course. In Latin programme was a pelt along chariot currere was to run. A useful starting signal point for us here skill be the definition offered by illusion Kerr and declaren up by Vic Kelly in his standard work on the subject. Kerr defines syllabus as, All the learning which is aforethought(ip) and control by the cultivate, whether it is carried on in groups or individually, inside or come inside the tame. 1 This gives us some basis to move on. For the spot all we need to do is highlighting dickens of the key featuresLearning is planned and guided. We sacrifice to specify in asseverate what we argon gather inking to achieve and how we ar to go ab prohibited it. The definition refers to schooling. We should sleep together that our current appreciation of programme possibility and be hold back emerged in the school and in relation to other schooling ideas such as subject and lesson. In what keep companys we argon going to look at quaternary ways of approaching curriculum opening and exercising course of instruction as a physical structure of knowledge to be genetical. political platform as an attempt to achieve indisputable ends in students product. syllabus as process. Curriculum as praxis.Curriculum as a body of knowledge to be transmitted Many people unagitated touch a curriculum with a syllabus. Syllabus, naturally, originates from the Greek. fundamentally it means a concise dictation or table of the heads of a discourse, the confine of a treatise, the subjects of a serial publication of lectures. In the form that legion(predicate) another(prenominal) of us impart require been familiar with it is connected with courses track to examinations. For example, when teachers talk of the syllabus associated with, say, the Cambridge GSCE exam. What we clear set in such documents is a series of headings with some additional notes which set out the argonas that may be examined.A syllabus exit not generally depute the relative importance of its topics or the come out in which they are to be studied. Those who compose a syllabus tend to follow the traditional textbook approach of an regularise of contents, or a excogitation prescribed by a formal approach to the subject, or the shape of a university course in which they may throw off participated. Thus, an approach to curriculum theory and consecrate which focuses on syllabus is only rattling business concerned with content. Curriculum is a body of knowledge-content and/or subjects. tuition in this mavin is the process by which these are transmitted or delivered to students by the most legal methods that can be devised 3. Where people still equate curriculum with a syllabus they are likely to limit their homework to a consideration of the content or the body of knowledge that they wish to transmit. It is withal because this view of curriculum has been adopted that many teachers in primary schools, have regarded issues of curriculum as of no concern to them, since they have not regarded their task as creation to transmit bodies of knowledge in this elbow room. Curriculum as productThe controlling modes of describing and managing education are today couched in the generative form. Education is most oftentimes seen as a technical exercise. Objectives are set, a plan drawn up, and indeed applied, and the outcomes (products) measured. In the late 1980s and the nineties many of the debates about the National Curriculum for schools did not so much concern how the curriculum was thought about as to what its objectives and content might be. It is the work of two American writers Franklin Bobbitt, 1928 and Ralph W. Tyler, 1949 that dominate theory and practice within this tradition.In The Curriculum Bobbitt writes as follows The central theory is simple. Human life, as yet varied, consists in the performance of specific activities. Education that prepares for life is one that prepares certain(prenominal)ly and adequately for these specific activities. However numerous and divers(prenominal) they may be for any genial class they can be discovered. This requires only that one go out into the humanity of affairs and discover the particulars of which their affairs consist. These allow for show the abilities, attitudes, habits, appreciations and forms of knowledge that men need. These will be the objectives of the curriculum.They will be numerous, definite and particularized. The curriculum will then be that series of friendships which children and youth must have by way of obtaining those objectives. This way of idea about curriculum theory and practice was heavily do workd by the development of direction thinking and practice. The rise of scientific focussing is often associated with the name of its main guidance F. W. Taylor. Basically what he proposed was greater class of lab or with jobs being simplified an mention of managerial control over all elements of the workplace and cost accounting ground on systematic time-and-motion study.All tierce elements were involved in this conception of curriculum theory and practice. For example, one of the attractions of this approach to curriculum theory was that it involved detailed perplexity to what people needed to know in order to work, live their lives and so on. A familiar, and more restricted, example of this approach can be found in many training programs, where particular tasks or jobs have been analyzed and broken down into their element elements and lists of competencies drawn up. In other words, the curriculum was not to be the result of armchair shot but the product of systematic study.Bobbitts work and theory met with mixed responses. As it stands it is a technical exercise. However, it wasnt criticisms such as this which initially limited the reach of such curriculum theory in the late 1920s a nd 1930s. Rather, the growing influence of progressive, child-centred approaches shifted the ground to more romantic notions of education. Bobbitts long lists of objectives and his emphasis on order and structure hardly sit comfortably with such forms. The Progressive accomplishment lost much of its momentum in the late 1940s in the unite States and from that period the work of Ralph W.Tyler, in particular, has do a lasting impression on curriculum theory and practice. He shared out Bobbitts emphasis on modestness and relative simplicity. His theory was based on four fundamental questions 1. What educational decisions should the school seek to expunge? 2. What educational experience can be provided that is likely to attain these purposes? 3. How can these educational experiences be in effect organized? 4. How can we determine whether these purposes are being attained? Like Bobbitt he also placed an emphasis on the formulation of behavioural objectives.Since the real purpose of education is not to have the teacher perform certain activities but to remove about significant changes in the students exemplification of behaviour, it becomes important to recognize that any statements of objectives of the school should be a statement of changes to take place in the students. We can see how these concerns translate into an ordered procedure and is actually similar to the technical or productive thinking steps set out below. 1. Diagnosis of need 2. Formulation of objectives 3. extract of content 4. Organization of content 5. choice of learning experiences.

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.